... higherorganisms, this involves storing energy as fat duringperiods of an abundant food supply to hedge againstperiods of food shortage. Today, humans have pushedstorage too far, to the point of widespread ... expenditure. Thus, insulin, leptinand ghrelin, as well as other hormones ⁄ cytokines,interact with their cognate receptors on neurons within the CNS that project to higher brain centers and to peripheral ... from the public health aspects of the affects of fructose on foodintake, these findings lend further support to the mech-anism by which malonyl-CoA participates in the regu-lation of feeding...