... especially in the presence of cytokines.Natural ligands of ICAM- 1and LFA-1 are expressedon the surface of T and B lymphocytes, natural killercells, monocytes, macrophages and granulocytes [33], and ... To investigate the role of thesesignal transduction pathways in ICAM-1 expression,we first examined the kinase activity of ERK, p38 and SAPK ⁄ JNK, the three major members of the MAPKfamily, ... ERK, p38 and JNK (p-ERK,p-p38 and p-JNK) and total ERK, p38 and JNK (tERK, tp38 and tJNK). (B) The ratio of phosphorylated to total ERK (p44 ⁄ 42), p38 and JNK at each time point. The data are...