... asgold standard roles and training data. More re-cent learning work has applied bootstrapping ap-proaches (Swier and Stevenson, 2004; He and Gildea, 2006), but these still rely on a hand la-beled ... roles have required a pre-defined set of roles (Grenager and Manning, 2006) and often ahand-labeled seed corpus (Swier and Stevenson,2004; He and Gildea, 2006).In this paper, we describe our attempts ... struc-tures is that the need for hand construction, speci-ficity, and domain dependence prevents robust and flexible language understanding. Instead, mod-ern work on understanding has focused on shal-lower...