... can inducethe activation of intracellular cascades such as themitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase – also calledextracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) – cascade.The serine ⁄ threonine ... as substrate in PCR with the following Ras-GRF1 gene-speci-fic primers: ON357, 5¢-TGAAACATCACCAACTAAATCTCCAA-3¢; ON358, 5¢-GACGACTCCATTGTTATAGGAAAAGAGT-3¢; ON359, 5 ¢-GCCGCTGGAGAAACAGCAT-3¢; ON360, ... through a cascade thatincludes the proline-rich tyrosine kinase, Pyk2, Src andGrb2 [4,5], as well as Ras GEFs of the Ras-GRP (cal-DAG-GEF) family, through binding of Ca2+⁄ calmo-dulin (CaM) and...