... costs, Taylor and Singleton (1993) propose that the stronger the community, the less need there is for institutions thatmanage behavior (and their costs) or for outside forces toenforce and coerce ... (product, price, and place), freebies (promotions), and force (force of law).Hastings and Elliott (1993) use 3Es education,environment, and enforcement-in their micro levelframework. Before proceeding, ... the force of law generally imposes sanctions for noncompliance with the proffered choice. In general, the presence of a reinforcer is incentive (marketing), whereas the withholding of a reinforcer...