... is this?(accepteither:lastweek of the oldseasonorrstweek of anewseason).c) What month is this?(accepteither: the rstday of anewmonthor the lastday of the previousmonth).d) ... 2008Nosubjectivecomplaints of memorydecit.Nomemorydecitevidentonclinicalinterview.Subjectivecomplaints of memorydecit,mostfrequentlyinfollowingareas:(a)forgettingwhereonehasplacedfamiliarobjects;(b)forgettingnamesoneformerlyknewwell.Noobjectiveevidence of memorydecitonclinicalinterview.Noobjectivedecitsinemploymentor social situations.Appropriateconcernwithrespecttosymptomatology.Earliestclear-cutdecits.Manifestationsinmorethanone of the followingareas:(a)patientmayhavebecomelostwhentravelingtoanunfamiliarlocation;(b)co-workersbecomeaware of patient'srelativelypoorperformance;(c)wordandnamendingdecitbecomesevidenttointimates;(d)patientmayreadapassageorabookandretainrelativelylittlematerial;(e)patientmaydemonstratedecreasedfacilityinrememberingnamesuponintroductiontonewpeople;(f)patientmayhavelostormisplacedanobject of value;(g)concentrationdecitmaybeevidentonclinicaltesting.Objectiveevidence of memorydecitobtainedonlywithanintensiveinterview.Decreasedperformanceindemandingemploymentand social settings.Denialbeginstomanifestin the patient.Mildtomoderateanxietyaccompaniessymptoms.Clear-cutdecitoncarefulclinicalinterview.Decitsmanifestinfollowingareas:(a)decreasedknowledge of currentandrecentevents;(b)mayexhibitsomedecitinmemory of onespersonalhistory;(c)concentrationdecitelicitedonserialsubtractions;(d)decreasedabilitytotravel,handlenances,etc.Frequentlynodecitinfollowingareas:(a)orientationtotimeandplace;(b)recognition of familiarpersonsandfaces;(c)abilitytotraveltofamiliarlocations.Inabilitytoperformcomplextasks.Denialisdominantdefensemechanism.Flattening of affectandwithdrawalfromchallengingsituationsfrequentlyoccur.Patientcannolongersurvivewithoutsomeassistance.Patientisunableduringinterviewtorecallamajorrelevantaspect of theircurrentlives,e.g.,anaddressortelephonenumber of manyyears, the names of closefamilymembers(suchasgrandchildren), the name of the highschoolorcollegefromwhichtheygraduated.Frequentlysomedisorientationtotime(date,day of week,season,etc.)ortoplace.Aneducatedpersonmayhavedifcultycountingbackfrom40by4sorfrom20by2s.Personsatthisstageretainknowledge of manymajorfactsregardingthemselvesandothers.Theyinvariablyknowtheirownnamesandgenerallyknowtheirspouse’sandchildren’snames.Theyrequirenoassistancewithtoiletingandeating,butmayhavesomedifcultychoosing the properclothingtowear.Mayoccasionallyforget the name of the spouseuponwhomtheyareentirelydependent for survival.Willbelargelyunaware of allrecenteventsandexperiencesintheirlives.Retainsomeknowledge of theirpastlivesbutthisisverysketchy.Generallyunaware of theirsurroundings, the year, the season,etc.Mayhavedifcultycountingfrom10,bothbackwardand,sometimes,forward.Willrequiresomeassistancewithactivities of dailyliving,e.g.,maybecomeincontinent,willrequiretravelassistancebutoccasionallywillbeabletotraveltofamiliarlocations.Diurnalrhythmfrequentlydisturbed.Almostalwaysrecalltheirownname.Frequentlycontinuetobeabletodistinguishfamiliarfromunfamiliarpersonsintheirenvironment.Personalityandemotionalchangesoccur.Thesearequitevariableandinclude:(a)delusionalbehavior,e.g.,patientsmayaccusetheirspouse of beinganimpostor,maytalktoimaginaryguresin the environmentortotheirownreectionin the mirror;(b)obsessivesymptoms,e.g.,personmaycontinuallyrepeatsimplecleaningactivities;(c)anxietysymptoms,agitationandevenpreviouslynonexistentviolentbehaviormayoccur;(d)cognitiveabulia,i.e.,loss of willpowerbecauseanindividualcannotcarryathoughtlongenoughtodetermineapurposefulcourse of action.Allverbalabilitiesarelostover the course of thisstage.Frequentlythereisnospeechatall,onlyunintelligibleutterancesandrareemergence of seeminglyforgottenwordsandphrases.Incontinent of urine,requiresassistancetoiletingandfeeding.Basicpsychomotorskills,e.g.,abilitytowalk,arelostwith the progression of thisstage. The brainappearstonolongerbeabletotell the bodywhattodo.Generalizedrigidityanddevelopmentalneurologicreexesarefrequentlypresent.Level ... Ascoregreaterthan5issuggestive of depression,however,fullscoringinformation for the GDSisavailableat:http://www.stanford.edu/~yesavage/GDS.english.long.htmlYesavage: The use of RatingDepressionSeriesin the Elderly,inPoon(ed.):Clinical...