Smoking and Women''''''''s Health: Les Liaisons Dangereuses ppt

... killers and they are often smoking related. And again, men and women are at very similar risk. Gender-Specific Diseases and Smoking I'm now going to concentrate on diseases in which smoking ... Global Alliance for Women's Health co-sponsored a panel and discussion on Smoking and Women's Health: Les Liaisons Dangereuses AT THE UNITED NATIONS COMMISSION ON THE ... are three prominent brands of cigarettes: Bristol, the most popular brand, Gold Leaf, the premium brand, and Benson & Hedges, the elite up-market brand. Gold Leaf and Benson & Hedges...

... history*History of childhood and young adult livingarrangements (Living with mother, father,grandparents)* Work history *Smoking (ever and current)B. Pregnancy and birth history *Smoking in each pregnancyAdoption, ... 111Uptofourracialgroupscouldbechosen.Respondentswhoidentifiedthemselveswithmorethanoneracialgroupwereaskedtoselectonegroupthat‘‘bestdescribes’’them,andtheRACErecodereflectedthisresponse.Becauseoflimitedsamplesize,Asian,PacificIslander,Alaskannative ,and AmericanIndianwomenwerecombinedandpresentedinthisreportas‘‘Non-Hispanicother’’races.+Comparisonwithbirthcertificatedata—Thedataintable6ofthisreportshowthatfortheyears1991–94,theNSFGestimatesofthenumberofbirthsareveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotals,bothoverall,forindividualyears ,and forbirthstowhitewomen.TheNSFGestimatesaresomewhatlowerforblackwomenandsomewhathigherforwomenof‘‘other’’racesthanthebirthcertificatedata.Thesedifferenceslargely(withinsamplingerror)canceleachotherout.Butthedataintable6suggestthatsomewomenwhoreportthattheyareof‘‘other’’races(AsianorPacificIslander,orAmericanIndianorAlaskannative)inasurveyliketheNSFGmaybeclassifiedaswhiteorblackbyathirdpartyfillingoutabirthcertificate.Inaddition,somewomenwhoidentifywithmorethanoneracialgroupmayidentifythemselvesprimarilywithaparticulargroup,butathirdpartymaynotchoosethatracialgroupifaskedtoclassifythembyrace.Theseissuesdonotappeartoaffectthecomparabilityofthetotalnumberofbirthsbyyearorothercharacteristics,whichshowverygoodagreementbetweentheNSFGandtheregisteredbirths.+InterpretationofdatabyraceandHispanicorigin—DataareshownbyraceandHispanicorigininthetablesbecauseNCHSisfrequentlyaskedtoprovidedataseparatelyforwhite,black,andHispanicwomen.Raceisassociatedwithanumberofindicatorsofsocialandeconomicstatus.Measuresofsocioeconomicstatus(forexample,educationandincome)arenotalwaysavailableforthepointintimewhentheeventbeingstudiedoccurred.Whilecharacteristicssuchaseducationandincomecanchangeovertime,raceandethnicitydonotchangesotheycanbeusedatallpointsintimeasproxiesforsocioeconomicstatus.Differencesamongwhite,black,andHispanicwomeninthephenomenapresentedinthetablesprimarilyreflectthelowerincomeandeducationallevelsofblackandHispanicwomen,theirmorelimitedaccesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance,thecommunitiesinwhichtheylive,andotherfactors(seereference14,tables49,53,81,173).Forsomerecentanalysesofdifferencesinbirthratesbyraceandorigin,seereferences1,15,40 ,and4 1.ReasonsforHIVtest—Allrespondentswhoreportedthattheyhadeverhadtheirbloodtestedforhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thevirusthatcausesAIDS,wereaskedthereasonsfortheirmostrecenttest.Theresponselistwasasfollows:+forahospitalizationorsurgicalprocedure+toapplyforhealthorlifeinsurance+becauseyouwerepregnantorbecauseitwaspartofprenatalcare+justtofindoutifyouwereinfected+becauseofareferralbyadoctor+otherreason(specify)Table86showsthepercentscitingspecificreasons,withthepercentsaddingtomorethan100becausesomewomengavemorethanonereasonfortheirHIVtest.Reasonsforsterilizingoperations—Table54showsreasonsreportedfortuballigations,hysterectomies ,and vasectomies.Foreachofhersterilizingoperations,therespondentwasasked:‘‘NowpleaselookatCardD-3whichlistssomereasonsthatwomensometimesgiveforhavingsterilizingoperations.Whichreasonorreasonsdoyoubelieveareclosesttoyourown?’’Womencouldchoosealloftheapplicableresponsesfromthefollowinglist:+Youhadallthechildrenyouwanted+Yourhusbandorpartneratthetimedidnotwantanymorechildren+Financialreasons,thatis,youcouldnotaffordanotherbaby+Medicalreasons+Reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol+SomeotherreasonsforsterilizationThosementioning‘‘medicalreasons’’wereasked:‘‘PleaselookatCardD-4.Whichofthesemedicalreasonsdidyouhave?’’Theresponselist,againpermittingallapplicablereasonstobecoded,readasfollows:+Medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans+Pregnancywouldbedangeroustoyourhealth+Youwouldprobablyloseapregnancy+Youwouldprobablyhaveanunhealthychild+Someothermedicalreason(specify)Thosementioning‘‘reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol’’intheoriginalquestionwereasked:‘‘Wasyourmethodofbirthcontroldangeroustoyourhealthordidyounotlikeyourmethodofbirthcontrolforotherreasons?’’Womenreportingmorethanonereasonfortheirsterilizingoperationwereaskedtoidentifytheirmainreason.Reasonsforvasectomies—Womenwereonlyaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyifhercurrenthusbandorcohabitingpartnerhadhisvasectomyduringtheirrelationship.Thequestionsaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyweregenerallysimilartothoseaskedforfemalesterilizationoperations.Theexceptionwasthatintheresponselistformedicalreasons,‘‘medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans’’wasreplacedwith‘‘HEhadahealthproblemthatrequiredtheoperation.’’Regionofresidence(atinterview)—TheREGIONrecodeclassifiesregionofresidenceattimeofinterviewintothefourmajorcensusregions:Northeast,Midwest,South,andWest.ThesePage112[Series23,No.19 ... 111Uptofourracialgroupscouldbechosen.Respondentswhoidentifiedthemselveswithmorethanoneracialgroupwereaskedtoselectonegroupthat‘‘bestdescribes’’them,andtheRACErecodereflectedthisresponse.Becauseoflimitedsamplesize,Asian,PacificIslander,Alaskannative ,and AmericanIndianwomenwerecombinedandpresentedinthisreportas‘‘Non-Hispanicother’’races.+Comparisonwithbirthcertificatedata—Thedataintable6ofthisreportshowthatfortheyears1991–94,theNSFGestimatesofthenumberofbirthsareveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotals,bothoverall,forindividualyears ,and forbirthstowhitewomen.TheNSFGestimatesaresomewhatlowerforblackwomenandsomewhathigherforwomenof‘‘other’’racesthanthebirthcertificatedata.Thesedifferenceslargely(withinsamplingerror)canceleachotherout.Butthedataintable6suggestthatsomewomenwhoreportthattheyareof‘‘other’’races(AsianorPacificIslander,orAmericanIndianorAlaskannative)inasurveyliketheNSFGmaybeclassifiedaswhiteorblackbyathirdpartyfillingoutabirthcertificate.Inaddition,somewomenwhoidentifywithmorethanoneracialgroupmayidentifythemselvesprimarilywithaparticulargroup,butathirdpartymaynotchoosethatracialgroupifaskedtoclassifythembyrace.Theseissuesdonotappeartoaffectthecomparabilityofthetotalnumberofbirthsbyyearorothercharacteristics,whichshowverygoodagreementbetweentheNSFGandtheregisteredbirths.+InterpretationofdatabyraceandHispanicorigin—DataareshownbyraceandHispanicorigininthetablesbecauseNCHSisfrequentlyaskedtoprovidedataseparatelyforwhite,black,andHispanicwomen.Raceisassociatedwithanumberofindicatorsofsocialandeconomicstatus.Measuresofsocioeconomicstatus(forexample,educationandincome)arenotalwaysavailableforthepointintimewhentheeventbeingstudiedoccurred.Whilecharacteristicssuchaseducationandincomecanchangeovertime,raceandethnicitydonotchangesotheycanbeusedatallpointsintimeasproxiesforsocioeconomicstatus.Differencesamongwhite,black,andHispanicwomeninthephenomenapresentedinthetablesprimarilyreflectthelowerincomeandeducationallevelsofblackandHispanicwomen,theirmorelimitedaccesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance,thecommunitiesinwhichtheylive,andotherfactors(seereference14,tables49,53,81,173).Forsomerecentanalysesofdifferencesinbirthratesbyraceandorigin,seereferences1,15,40 ,and4 1.ReasonsforHIVtest—Allrespondentswhoreportedthattheyhadeverhadtheirbloodtestedforhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus(HIV),thevirusthatcausesAIDS,wereaskedthereasonsfortheirmostrecenttest.Theresponselistwasasfollows:+forahospitalizationorsurgicalprocedure+toapplyforhealthorlifeinsurance+becauseyouwerepregnantorbecauseitwaspartofprenatalcare+justtofindoutifyouwereinfected+becauseofareferralbyadoctor+otherreason(specify)Table86showsthepercentscitingspecificreasons,withthepercentsaddingtomorethan100becausesomewomengavemorethanonereasonfortheirHIVtest.Reasonsforsterilizingoperations—Table54showsreasonsreportedfortuballigations,hysterectomies ,and vasectomies.Foreachofhersterilizingoperations,therespondentwasasked:‘‘NowpleaselookatCardD-3whichlistssomereasonsthatwomensometimesgiveforhavingsterilizingoperations.Whichreasonorreasonsdoyoubelieveareclosesttoyourown?’’Womencouldchoosealloftheapplicableresponsesfromthefollowinglist:+Youhadallthechildrenyouwanted+Yourhusbandorpartneratthetimedidnotwantanymorechildren+Financialreasons,thatis,youcouldnotaffordanotherbaby+Medicalreasons+Reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol+SomeotherreasonsforsterilizationThosementioning‘‘medicalreasons’’wereasked:‘‘PleaselookatCardD-4.Whichofthesemedicalreasonsdidyouhave?’’Theresponselist,againpermittingallapplicablereasonstobecoded,readasfollows:+Medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans+Pregnancywouldbedangeroustoyourhealth+Youwouldprobablyloseapregnancy+Youwouldprobablyhaveanunhealthychild+Someothermedicalreason(specify)Thosementioning‘‘reasonsrelatedtobirthcontrol’’intheoriginalquestionwereasked:‘‘Wasyourmethodofbirthcontroldangeroustoyourhealthordidyounotlikeyourmethodofbirthcontrolforotherreasons?’’Womenreportingmorethanonereasonfortheirsterilizingoperationwereaskedtoidentifytheirmainreason.Reasonsforvasectomies—Womenwereonlyaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyifhercurrenthusbandorcohabitingpartnerhadhisvasectomyduringtheirrelationship.Thequestionsaskedaboutreasonsforvasectomyweregenerallysimilartothoseaskedforfemalesterilizationoperations.Theexceptionwasthatintheresponselistformedicalreasons,‘‘medicalproblemswithyourfemaleorgans’’wasreplacedwith‘‘HEhadahealthproblemthatrequiredtheoperation.’’Regionofresidence(atinterview)—TheREGIONrecodeclassifiesregionofresidenceattimeofinterviewintothefourmajorcensusregions:Northeast,Midwest,South,andWest.ThesePage112[Series23,No.19...

... 3940,76-77 and hysterectomy, 20 and lipid profiles, 77-79 and menopause, 26morbidity and disability from, 26mortality rates for, 24, 26, 27 and progestin, 5research, in women, 26 and research ... 71Estratest, 71Estrogen and bone loss, 24 and breast cancer, 4 and cardiovascular disease, 24, 27 and endometrial cancer, 4 and hypertriglyceridemia, 27 and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, 27production ... thenatural history and sequelae of the menopause, and of the role of exogenous and endogenous estrogens and progesterones in the etiology and prevention ofdisease.A more complete understanding of the...

... plastic products such as sports bottles and baby bottles, in addition to the linings of canned food and infant formula.Cigarette Smoke First and SecondhandCigarette smoke contains hundreds ... compromised immunity and obesity. Breastfeeding helps build a child’s immune system and later intelligence and is important to the bonding and nurturing process (77,78). PCBs (79-81) and pesticides ... Ziogas A. Active smoking, household passive smoking, and breast cancer: Evidence from the California Teachers Study. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 2004;96:29–37.99 Band PR, Le ND,...

... girls and women are still less active than boys and men.Some of this difference in activity between males and females can be explained by thehistorical disparity in opportunities for females. ... risk factors include smoking, high bloodcholesterol, high blood pressure, and physical inactivity. The following discussion willexclude smoking. Physical activity and blood cholesterol in women. ... Hemostatic, metabolic, and androgenic risk factors forcoronary heart disease in physically active and less active postmenopausal women. Arteriosclerosis,Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 15,...

... adolescents and adults.12. Distinguishes ethnic and gender differences in presentation and progression of common acute and chronic health problems in adolescents and adults.13. Assesses and ... preventive interventions to adolescents and adults with multiple and/ orchronic health problems.6. Provides anticipatory guidance and counseling to adolescents and adults and assists them to copewith ... commonly-occurring acute and chronic physical and mental health problems in adolescents and adults to promote health, function, and quality of life and reduce disability and complications. 8....

... focus on both maternal and child health and sexual and reproductive health and other UN agencies like UNICEF and UNIFEM) limits their overall effectiveness. • In Uganda fewer than half of ... have both quantitative and qualitative targets, milestones and deadlines. UNAIDS and UNICEF should assess these plans and give feedback to countries on their strengths and weaknesses. All these ... with sexual and reproductive health and treatment through to psychosocial and nutritional support. The four-prong strategy is stirring in focus and words, but actual progress and achievements...

... your family and couldn’t be happier and more excited or more stressed and conflicted. Every woman will experience pregnancy differently. YOU’RE PREGNANT. DO’S AND DON’TSStop smoking cigarettes, ... West Virginia and Arizona.First Trimester Pregnancy and Women’s Health Do’s and Don’ts, Nutrition, Harmful Prescription Drugs, Birth Defects CONTENTSYou’re pregnant. Do’s and Don’ts 2What ... Nausea—morning (morning sickness), noon, • and night (hang in there!)Nipples and areolas darken due to a •temporary increase in hormonesCramping is normal; spotting and bleeding is •not; contact your...

... est requis par les droits de l’Homme et les recommandations internationales. Les preuves incluent une absence de spécicité des sexes dans les politiques et les pratiques carcérales, des violations ... and come from socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. ey oen have unhealthy lifestyles and addictions such as alcoholism, smoking and drug use, which contribute to poor general health and ... programmes to assist prisoners and their families and to inuence the social environment so as to “change the political climate and social Imprisonment and women’s health: concerns about gender...

... morbidity, mental and women's health, and opinions regarding women's rights and roles in society. A second survey contained 31 questions regarding reproductive and sexual health and women’s ... Women’s Health and General Internal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (LL); and Massachusetts Veterans Epidemiology Research and Information ... freely choose a husband and enter into marriage, n=1092 983 (90) Who in the family decides number and timing of children, n= 1238 Me only Mostly me Equally Mostly husband Husband only Other...