Tài liệu Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Caring for Newborns and Children in the Community doc

... Chart Booklet for the Community Health Worker 2 WHO Library Cataloguing -in- Publication Data: Integrated management of childhood illness: caring for newborns and children in the community. ... Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Caring for Newborns and Children in the Community CONTENTS OVERVIEW: Case Management of the Sick Child 3 Identify problems: ASK and LOOK ... (http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever...

... local staff of the MOH and other government of cers within their supervision area. The total number of staff, therefore, varies with the coverage of the project, but the ideal ratio of staff to ... increasing the use of formal health services and outreach services through the formation of equitable partnerships that include community input into health services and participation in management ... are the rst point of contact for both care of sick children and provision of health information. They include community health workers and other volunteers, traditional healers and midwives,...

... representative of the depiction of women and the female body in the late nineteenth century. On the one hand it illustrates an interest in the revival of Greek theatre and on the other it fetishizes the ... <http://literatureandscience.research.glam.ac.uk/journal/> of life and hindering them in performing the best and noblest offices of their sex, probably constitutes the greatest of the evils of corset-wearing” ... translation of the plays in Echoes of Hellas, in which many of the illustrations were based on the stage sets and performances of Tales of Troy and the Story of Orestes. More important in terms of theatre...

... 3.1.4 Generating distance feature. In the final stage of preparing training data, we add the distance, i.e. number of words, between a Chinese token feature and the English term in question, ... submitting the given phrase as query to a search engine to retrieve snippets, and generate features for each tokens in the same way as done in the training phase. We then use the trained model ... training and testing. We obtained a total of 155,310 article pairs, from which we then randomly selected 13,150 and 2,181 titles as seeds to obtain the training and test data. Since we are using...

... Nestor informs the policyengine of the changes in the state of the actualnetwork. In the next section, we describe the theuse of Nestor in our prototype.5. Monitoring and Instrumentationusing ... packet and the service that the packetis trying to access at the destination of this edge. For intermediate edges in paths, the service isjust packet forwarding, for the terminal edge the service ... console. The syntax and accompanying semantics of the policy languageare discussed in detail in Section 3.2.4.4 Policy Engine The Policy Engine is the “brain” of the management platform. The policy...

... geometrical and func-tional formulations. We distinguish the in nite and finite horizons. The proofs of the following Propositions follow the ones given for viability in Sect. A.2 in the Appendix. ... stringent than the viability one and the invariance kernel is contained in the viability kernel:Inv(t) ⊂ Viab(t) .Let us point out that the viability and invariance kernels coincide whenever the ... constraints on N(t) to maintain sustainability in the longterm horizon. The viability kernel exhibits the states of the forest compatible with the constraints. The present step is to compute the...

... eye and one nostril, making the project a little easier. Remember, seeing is the most important aspect of drawing. Closely examine the shapes of the individual parts of the head before you ... over the shapes you sketched in the previous section! Rather, examine the photo very closely, and draw the outlines as they are in the photo. STEP 7 STEP 8 The ear-shapes are refined. The ... proportions and drawing a simple horse’s head, by examining the shapes of its individual parts. ILLUSTRATION 10-01 Proportion is the relationship in size of each of the various parts of a drawing...

... pattern of undersplitting of groups. An indi-cation of undersplitting is the fact that copepod orders exhibitexcessive levels of genetic divergence. For instance, branchlengths in orders of copepods ... 1.45 for 16SrRNA and 4.7 for COI, taking into account saturation) and variation of evolutionary rates among sites (using shape pa-rameter (␣) of a gamma distribution of 0.181 for 16S and 0.184 ... actually occur in a state of microal-lopatry. For instance, the divergent clades in the St. LawrenceRiver drainage (sites 1 and 3) might be prevented from com-2026CAROL EUNMI LEEing into contact...

... NoWhichmedia?Companiesdiffer in the extent of theircoverage for self‐regulatingtheirmarketingmessagesto children, withsomeincludingproductplacement,use of licensedcharacters and theirownbrandedsites in the definition of marketing. The definition of whatconstituteschild‐targetedmediavaries: for exampleNestlé25definesmarketingto children asbeing‘amarketingactivitywhereadultsupervisionisnotpresent’ and communication in media‘whereadultaudienceisnotpredominant’. The tablebelowshowssomeexamples of the coverage of companypledgesacrossmediaincludedunderself‐regulation.Notethat for somemedia the companiesimposecertain22UKOffice of Communications(Ofcom)2007.Seehttp://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/consultations/foodads_new/statement/ and seehttp://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20100927130941/http://food.gov.uk/healthiereating/advertisingtochildren/nutlab/nutprofmod23Developedby the SwedishNationalFoodAdministrationtodefinehealthierfoodproducts, and nowused in Sweden,Norway and Denmark.Seehttp://www.slv.se/en‐gb/Group1/Food and Nutrition/Keyhole‐symbol/ and seehttp://www.norden.org/en/news and events/news/first‐anniversary‐nordic‐consumers‐want‐more‐keyhole‐food24FederalTradesCommission(2011)InteragencyWorkingGroupSeeksInputonProposedVoluntaryPrinciples for MarketingFoodto Children. Seehttp://www.ftc.gov/opa/2011/04/foodmarket.shtm25Seehttp://www.conar.org.br/html/livro/REF49NESTLE%20‐%20EU%20Pledge%20Nestle%20Commitment.pdf9criteriaon the percentage of the audiencethatmustbecomprised of children in order for self‐regulationtobeapplicable–furtherdetailsareshown in Table1above.Table4Companystatements of mediaincluded in self‐regulationCompany ... YesFurthergaps in company‐ledself‐regulationThissectionprovidessomeexamples of additionalconcernsraisedduringthisinvestigation. The examplespicturedaretakenfromwebsitesactive and availableduring the periodJanuary‐June2011.Company‐ownedwebsitesWhilemostcompaniesacknowledge the needtocontroladvertisingto children usingpaid‐ for advertisingonthird‐partysites,companiesdonotusuallyincludetheirownweb‐sites,whichtheyseeaseditorialratherthanadvertising.Althoughsomegovernment‐approvedcodes(e.g. the UKCAPCode)includecompany‐ownedsites,mostindustry‐wideadvertisingregulations in Europeancountriesdonot, and industry‐ledpledgesgenerallydonotorareambiguousaboutwhattheyconsider‘advertising’ontheirownwebsites.Manycompaniesusetheirownsitestoattract children withgames,puzzles,clubs and downloadablegifts,orofferbrandedproductswhich children maypestertheirparentstobuy.ExamplesbelowshowNesquik children sgamesonacompany‐ownedsite and anexample of M&Mspromotions(someareas of the siteaskif the viewer‘sageisabove12years).10SocialnetworkingsitesThereisalsoa‘grey’areaconcerning the usebycompanies of third‐partysocialnetworkingsitessuchasFacebooktopromotechild‐attractiveactivitieswithfood‐relatedbranding.Anexample of the use of Facebookisshownbelow:11GeneralisedbrandingCompaniesdonotusuallyinclude in theirself‐regulationanycontrolson the branding of non‐foodproductswithfood‐relatedbrandidentities.Althoughcarryingnospecificmarketingmessage, the associativeeffectcanbeapowerfulmarketingtool. The examplebelowshowsaproductlikelytoappealto children brandedwithanimagestronglyassociatedwithsweetenedbreakfastcereal(Kellogg’sFrosties) and licensedbyowner for useon the product.12Schools and other children ssettingsCompaniesmayallowthemselvestomarket in schools and otherplaceswhere children gather.Thiscantake the form of brandedgoods and equipmentor the activepromotion of samples and brandedgifts in schoolsettings.Indirectuse of schoolssettingsmaybefoundwhenTVadvertisementsuseschoolsaslocations for filmingtheiradvertising. The examplebelowshowsaplayarea for children sponsoredbyachocolatecompanyownedbyNestlé in Genevaairport(which the companyhassinceacknowledgediscountertoNestlépolicies) and the use of classroomsettings for TVadvertisinglocations(not in Europe).13Characterlicensing and brandequitycharactersAlthoughsomecompanieshaveagreedtoreduce the use of licensedcharacters(e.g.filmtie‐inssuchasShrek and ToyStory)otherscontinuetousesuchmarketingdevices.Examplesbelowshowlicensedcharactersfromfilms(Rio,Thor,KungFuPanda)usedtopromoteproductshigh in sugarsorfats.NotethatKungFuPandaisbeingusedbyMcDonald’s,acompanythathasnotjoined the EUpledgescheme.14 In addition,mostcompaniesstillpermitthemselvestousecharacterswhichtheyown and havedevelopedwiththeirbrands(knownasbrand‐equitycharacters),suchasQuiky the bunny(Nesquik) and Tony the Tiger(Frosties).OthersincludeUnileverWalls‘Max the lion’(seepicturebelow).15Productdesign and packagingSelf‐regulationgenerallydoesnotincludepackagingorproductdesign and thesecanbepowerfulmarketingtoolstoattractpurchases. The examplebelowshowsaproductshaped,flavoured and texturedtoappealto children in aboxwithatie in gamelaunchedbyKellogg’sonFacebook and featuring the KraveKrusader(whomustovercomechallenges and obstaclestoreachchocolate).26ShopdisplaysRetaildisplaysarerarelyincluded in company‐ledself‐regulation.Aisle‐enddisplays and check‐outdisplaysarepremiumsites and canbeamajorinfluenceonspontaneouspurchases and, especially in the case of check‐outdisplays, the purchase of anitemforceduponaparentby children taking the product in theirhandswhilewaiting in line.Child‐to‐childmarketingPeerrecommendationisastrongmotivatoramong children and adolescents.Marketersareusinganumber of methods for encouragingchild‐to‐childmarketing,includingpaymentstoyoungpeopletomakerecommendations and encouragement of children tomaketheirown26Seehttp://www.marketingweek.co.uk/sectors/food and drink/kellogg%E2%80%99s‐moves‐into‐gaming/3026796.article16promotionalmaterials for distribution,e.g.onsocialmedianetworks.Self‐regulationgenerallydoesnotcoverchild‐to‐childmarketing.Examplesbelowshowbrand‐owned,child‐attractivewebsitesasking children tosendemailmessagestotheirfriendsabout the website.NotethatHaribohasnotjoined the EUpledgescheme.NewtechnologyMethods for marketingto children arerapidlyevolving, and manyaredesignedtoby‐passparentsorenhancechild‐to‐childmarketing. In 2007KFC’sadvertisingagencyengineeredaTVcommercialcontaininghigh‐pitchednoiseswhichonlyyoungpeoplearelikelytohear–Ajunk‐free childhood: Responsiblestandards for marketingfoods and beveragesto children Abriefingpaperfrom The StanMarkProject of the InternationalAssociation for the Study of ObesityPreparedbyTimLobstein,TriinParn and AngeAikenheadStanMark ...  The StanMarkprojectbringstogetherresearchers and policy‐makerstodevelopaset of standards for marketingfoods and beveragesconsistentwith the resolution of the WorldHealthAssembly.ObjectivesConveneaseries of meetings in Europe and the USAtobringtogetherkeymembers of the scientificresearch community and policy‐making community toconsiderhowmarketingfood and beveragesmayaffect children shealth.Identifycurrent‘bestpractice’approachesto the control of marketing,includingmeasuresnotspecificallyaddressingfood and beveragemarketing,ornotspecificallydirectedto the protection of children. Explore the use of standards and marketingcodestoinfluencecommercialactivity,includingstandardsfromotherindustrialsectors.Proposeaset of standardstoform the basis for across‐bordercode of marketing of foods and beverages.Developweb‐basedresources for policydevelopmentconcerningfood and beveragemarketingto children and relatedmaterialstosupportpolicydevelopment.Projectpartners...