... 2975
MINIREVIEW
Bone morphogenetic protein signaling in stem cells ) one
signal, many consequences
Toni U. Wagner
Physiological Chemistry I, University of Wuerzburg, Germany
BMP signals in stem cells
Bone ... &
Izpisua Belmonte JC (200 6) Nanog binds to smad1
and blocks bone morphogenetic protein- induced
T. U. Wagner BMP signaling in stem...
... family, binding to and inhibit-
ing these signaling molecules from binding to their
receptors in the extracellular space, thus inhibiting ven-
tralizing activities. Of these proteins, Chordin has ... understanding of BMP func-
tions, in combination with other experimental techniques.
Abbreviations
ADMP, anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein; BMP, bone morphogenetic protein; TGF...
... the properties of the three
protein classes, with the main focus being on RNA
chaperones and annealer proteins.
Specifically binding proteins
A specific protein cofactor binds to its RNA target
through ... this
kinetically limiting process occurs in vivo, proteins (called RNA chaper-
ones) have evolved that facilitate the (re)folding of RNA molecules. Here,
we present an overview of how p...
... with thrombin alone (4 n
M) or in combination with ADP (20 lM). (A) Effect of AR-C (10 lM) preincubation on Ca
2+
response. (B) Effect of general PI3-K inhibitor LY294002 (LY, 25 lM)onCa
2+
response. ... [Ca
2+
]
i
-time integrals over 5 min. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.1
(n = 3– 5).
Agonist Antagonist
Peak (n
M)
(% versus thrombin)
Integral (nM · s)
(% versus thrombin)
Thrombin Vehicle 646...
... spanning 39 bp in the proximal region of the
fgl2 promoter. As shown in Fig. 4, mutating nucleotides
from )8 7 to )8 0 (containing Oct- 1), )7 7 to )7 1 (containing
Sp 1), )6 8 to )5 7 (containing Ets/Stat 3) ... cyto-
toxin, and fibrinogen [16–18]. Fibrinogen-like protein
family members all contain fibrinogen-related domains
(FRED), known to represent key regions...
... mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAP-
Ks), MPK3 and MPK6, in response to oxidative stress. In addition, the
serine ⁄ threonine protein kinase Pto-interacting 1-2 (PTI1- 2) has been
positioned downstream ... protein kinase; MAPKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MBP, myelin basic protein; OXI1, oxidative
signal-inducible 1; PDK1, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1...
... obtained by flow cytometric analysis in the FL1 channel (logarithmic scale). Control (Ctrl) cells (blue line), stearate-treated
cells (green line), oleate (OA)-treated cells (black line) and cells ... isothiocyanate
(FITC) (BD Pharmigen, San Diego, CA, USA) binding and
PI staining were performed according to [44]. Following
incubation with 1.0 lgÆmL
)1
annexin V and 4.0 lgÆmL
)...
... EGFR
(including EGF, transforming growth factor-a, amphi-
regulin and epigen); (b) those that bind to EGFR and
ERBB4 (including betacellulin, heparin-binding EGF
and epiregulin); and (c) neuregulin ... ligand-binding domain; a transmembrane
domain; an intracellular tyrosine kinase domain; and a
C-terminal regulatory domain [2]. The extracellular
domain is subdivided further into four domains....
... (EGFR-TKIs), gefiti-
nib and erlotinib, compete with ATP for binding to
the tyrosine kinase pocket of the receptor, thereby
inhibiting receptor tyrosine kinase activity and EGFR
signaling pathways ... results in EGFR signaling pathways being
turned off and the cancer cells undergoing apoptosis.
Moreover, EGFR mutations result in repositioning of
critical residues surrounding the ATP-...
... that
includes a DNA-binding domain, a ligand-binding
domain and a transactivation domain. The DNA-bind-
ing domain is responsible for DNA binding specificity
and dimerization, and the ligand-binding ... (HMG) domains are
involved in binding DNA with low sequence specificity. LXXLL domains (also known as the NR box) are involved in interaction with nuclear
receptor (NR). Plant homodomain (PH...