... 1812 Act containing a declaration of warhad the effect of placing” theUnited States and Great Britain “in a state of hostility, of producing a state of war, of giving [to the United States] those ... Government ofthe United States, or in any Departmentor Of cer thereof,”23there is a compelling basis forthe presumptive validity of acts of Congress that set limits concerning the extent of war, ... limits on the “objects and mode of warfare,” it had not done so in the1812 Act:There is no act of the legislature defining the powers, objects or mode of warfare: by what rule, then, must he be...