Tài liệu A junk‐free childhood: Responsible standards for marketing foods and beverages to children doc

... salt. StanMark Standards for marketing to children TheStanMarkprojectbringstogetherresearchers and policy‐makers to develop a setof standards for marketing foods and beverages consistentwiththeresolutionoftheWorldHealthAssembly.ObjectivesConvene a seriesofmeetingsinEurope and theUSA to bringtogetherkeymembersofthescientificresearchcommunity and policy‐makingcommunity to considerhow marketing food and beverages mayaffect children shealth.Identifycurrent‘bestpractice’approaches to thecontrolof marketing, includingmeasuresnotspecificallyaddressingfood and beverage marketing, ornotspecificallydirected to theprotectionof children. Exploretheuseof standards and marketing codes to influencecommercialactivity,including standards fromotherindustrialsectors.Propose a setof standards to formthebasis for a cross‐bordercodeof marketing of foods and beverages. Developweb‐basedresources for policydevelopmentconcerningfood and beverage marketing to children and relatedmaterials to supportpolicydevelopment.Projectpartners ... der to avoidappealing to youngerages. A highstandard:Theageorlegalmajorityisdeterminedbylocallegislation.Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyabovetheminimumlegalage:anexampleisthebanontargetingalcoholic beverages to peopleunderage25requiredbyFacebookinIndia and Sweden.33 For food and beverages, theUKOfcomregulationsapplyduringtelevisionprogrammeswhichappeal to children underage16.Standard3:Mediaused for marketing messagesIssue: Children haveaccess to a widerangeofmedia.Inaddition,cross‐bordermediaservicesarenoteasilycontrolledbythejurisdictionintheterritorywherethemessageisreceived.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansincludingallmediawhichcarry marketing messagesaswellasthosewhichcrossnationalborders(e.g.Internet,satellite and cableTV, and exportedTVprogrammes,films,games,toys and otherproducts).Foodpackaging,formulation and presentationareincluded,asaresponsoredsportsevents and productplacements. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachassumesallmediaunlessspecificallyexempted.Mediabroadcastacrossseveraltimezonesshouldbeassumed to reach children and adolescents.ExamplesfromothersectorsincludeFacebook,whichprohibitstobacco and gambling marketing and restrictsalcohol marketing. 34 For tobacco,theFrameworkConventiononTobaccoControlprovides a comprehensivedefinition:‘allformsofcommercialcommunication,recommendationoraction and anyformofcontribution to anevent,activityorindividual’.35Standard4: Marketing methodsIssue:Most marketing worksbelowconsciousawareness, and children inparticularmaybevulnerable to marketing messagesofspecialappeal to them.Many marketing methodsfalloutsidecurrentadvertisingregulations.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansexcludingtechniqueswithspecialappeal to children and adolescents.Thisincludestheuseofcartooncharacters,animation,celebrities,sportspersonalities, and thecolouring,shaping and designofproducts and packaginglikely to have a particularappeal to children and adolescents. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachacknowledgesthat children and adolescentsareexposed to many marketing messages,includingthosedesigned to attractthem and thosedesigned to targetnon‐childaudiences. For tobacco,theFrameworkConvention36coversactionswhichhavethe‘aim,effect,orlikelyeffectofpromoting a tobaccoproductor33http://www.insidefacebook.com/2010/10/08/alcohol‐advertisement‐guidelines/34http://www.facebook.com/ad_guidelines.php35http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13.pdf36http://www.who.int/fctc/guidelines/article_13.pdf20tobaccouseeitherdirectlyorindirectly’.Itspecifiesall‘advertising,promotion and sponsorship’. For breast‐milksubstitutes,theInternationalCode37specifiesthatcontrolsapply to ‘productpromotion,distribution,selling,advertising,productpublicrelations, and informationservices’.Thesephrasescanbeadaptedwiththeadditionof‘able to influence a child’.Standard5:UseofbrandsIssue:Products and mediamaycarry a brandidentity for a companylinked to foodorbeverageproductswithoutspecifying a foodorbeverageorgivinganexplicit marketing message.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansbrandswithrecognisablelinks to food and beverageproductsneed to betreatedasiftheywerepromotingthefoodorbeverage to whichtheyareassociated. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachrestrictstheuseofbrandpromotionlikely to influence children whenthatbrandhas a recognisableassociationwithfood and drinkproductssubject to marketing restrictions.Wherebrandslink to multipleproducts,theassumptionshouldbethatthebrandispromotingthemostfamiliarorhighestsellingofitsproducts.ProposalsfromtheAustralianObesityPolicyCoalitionsuggestthatbrandsshouldberestrictedunlesstheyarebeingusedin a promotion for a healthyfoodproductorrange.38‘Brand’meansthenameof a foodorbeverageproductorrangeofproducts,orthemanufacturerordistributorthereof,oranyotherwords,designsorimagesthatarecloselyassociatedwithsuchproducts.Standard6:Settings and locationsIssue:Authorities responsible for standards where children aregathered,suchasschools and childcarefacilities,have a duty to ensurethatnothingprejudices a child’swellbeing.Proposal:Riskreductionmeansthatallsettingswhere children gathershouldbefreefromthepromotionofspecifiedfood and beverages, includingbrands,logos,vouchers and giftsassociatedwithsuchproducts. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachavoidstheneed to specifyeverypossiblesetting.TheWHORecommendationsstate“settingsinclude,butarenotlimited to, nurseries,schools,schoolgrounds and pre‐schoolcentres,playgrounds,family and childclinics and paediatricservices, and duringanysporting and culturalactivitiesthatareheldonthesepremises”.39 For alcohol,theCityofSanDiego,California,adoptedanordinanceinOctober2000whichprohibitsadvertisingalcoholonanybillboardwithin1,000feetofany37http://www.who.int/nutrition/publications/code_english.pdf38http://www.opc.org.au/downloads/positionpapers/Protecting children email1_FINAL_13.04.11.pdf39http://www.who.int/dietphysicalactivity /marketing food to children/ en/index.html21school,playground,recreationcentreorfacility,childcarecentre,arcade,orlibrary.40Therearealsomanyexamplesoflocation‐basedtobaccocontrols.41Standard7:AccountabilityIssue: Marketing messagesareproduced and distributedbydiversestakeholdersincludingfoodproducers,manufacturers,importersorsellers,advertisingagencies,mediacompanies,mediadistributors and retailers,webcontenthosts,webaccessproviders and websearchengines.Proposal:Riskreductionrequiresthat a dutyofcare and attention to theprotectionof children and adolescentsshouldbeexercisedbyallpartiesinthedisseminationof marketing messages. A highstandard: A comprehensiveapproachwouldholdallpartiesinvolvedinconveying a marketing message to beaccountable. For sponsorshipmediathisincludessportseventhosts. For promotionaltechniquesembodiedin a foodproductthisincludesimporters,retailers and caterers.Cross‐border marketing standards need to beenforceablethroughinternationalagreementswithsanctions.Examplesofpossiblestandard‐settingmechanismsincludeWHOhealthregulations,ISO standards and CodexAlimentarius standards. 40http://business.highbeam.com/410209/article‐1G1‐204543912/alcohol‐advertising‐billboards‐transit‐shelters and 41http://tobaccodocuments.org/women/2080811374‐1392.html.22AppendixWorldHealthOrganizationSetofRecommendationsonthe Marketing of Foods and Non‐alcoholic Beverages to Children 42 ... The marketing of foods and non‐alcoholic beverages with a highcontentoffat,sugarorsaltreaches children throughouttheworld.Effortsmustbemade to ensurethat children everywhereareprotectedagainsttheimpactofsuch marketing and giventheopportunity to grow and developinanenablingfoodenvironment—onethatfosters and encourageshealthydietarychoices and promotesthemaintenanceofhealthyweight.DrAlaAlwan,AssistantDirectorGeneral,WorldHealthOrganization17 and followedthisupwith a websiteofferingfreemealvouchers to thosewhocanidentifythepointintheadvertisementwhenthenoiseoccurred.27Morerecently,Microsoftannouncedtechnology to allowX‐Boxplayers to usevoicecontrolsduringgamingwhichwouldforwardadvertisingmessages to theirfriend’sphoneswhenever marketing promotionswerepresentinthegame.2827EBlasshttp://www.engadget.com/2007/04/11/kfc‐ad‐agency‐strikes‐again‐with‐mosquito‐tone‐commercial/28TVega,NewYorkTimes20June2011.Seehttp://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/21/business/media/21xbox.html?_r=2&ref=media18Proposed standards Asnotedearlier,theobjectiveofuniversal standards is to instituteruleswhichachievemaximumprotectionwhileremainingpractical and economicalinapplication.Althoughitcouldbeproposedthat children shouldnotbeexposed to any marketing, thepresentdocumenttakes a ‘risk‐based’approach to reducingexposure to the marketing offood and beverageproductswhoseregularconsumptionisliable to increasetheriskofnon‐communicablediseases.Furthermore,itisimportant to identifyexamplesofhigh standards for cross‐border marketing whichhavebeenproposedas a resultofconsensus‐buildingbyreputableagencies,thusindicatingthatsuch standards arefeasible,practical and economical.Inthissectionwepropose standards basedon a responsible approach to marketing ontheunderstandingthat children shouldnotbesubjected to inducements to consumeproductswhich,ifconsumedroutinely,arelikely to bedetrimental to theirhealth.Whereavailableweshowexamplesoftheuseofsimilar standards inothersectors.Standard1:Specifyingthe foods and beverages Issue:Thepromotionofsome foods and beverages canundermine children sdietaryhealth.Proposal:Riskreductionmeanspromotingonlythosefood and beverageproductswhichconform to nationaldietaryguidelines and international standards supportingtheWHOGlobalStrategyonDiet,PhysicalActivity and Health29. A highstandard:Food and beverages shouldbecategorisedaccording to a validatednutrientprofilingsystem.ExamplesmayincludetheUKOfcommodelused to regulateadvertisingontelevision,30theNordicKeyholefoodcategorisationmodel,31ortheproposalsfromtheUSInteragencyWorkingGroup32.Standard2:AgegroupsIssue:Some marketing worksbelowconsciouscontrol.Evenwhen children and adolescentsareawareof marketing, theymaybetrusting and uncriticalofthemessages.Medialiteracydoesnotreduce marketing messageimpact.Proposal:Riskreductionmeanspromotingonly to thosepersonswhohavereachedanagewhentheyarelegallyconsidered to becompetentenough to protecttheirownwelfare.29WorldHealthOrganization,2004Seehttp://www.who.int/entity/dietphysicalactivity/strategy/eb11344/strategy_english_web.pdf30UKOfficeofCommunications(Ofcom)2007.Seehttp://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/consultations/foodads_new/statement/ and seehttp://collections.europarchive.org/tna/20100927130941/http://food.gov.uk/healthiereating/advertisingtochildren/nutlab/nutprofmod31Seehttp://www.slv.se/en‐gb/Group1/Food and Nutrition/Keyhole‐symbol/32FederalTradesCommission(2011)InteragencyWorkingGroupSeeksInputonProposedVoluntaryPrinciples for Marketing Food to Children. Seehttp://www.ftc.gov/opa/2011/04/foodmarket.shtm19Permittedtargetagegroupsshouldbesignificantlyolderthanthisinor...

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... a malaria area  Do a rapid diagnostic test (RDT).  If RDT is positive, give oral antimalarial AL (Artemether-Lumefantrine). Age 2 months up to 3 years—1 tablet (total 6 tabs) Age ... 5 years—2 suppositories  If fever AND danger sign other than the 3 above, give first dose of oral antimalarial AL: Age 2 months up to 3 years—1 tablet Age 3 years up to 5 years—2 tablets ... NO DANGER SIGN  Cough (less than 21 days)  Diarrhoea (less than 14 days AND no blood in stool)  Fever (less than 7 days) in a malaria area  Fast breathing:  In a child age 2...

... vendors• We incorporate industry, network equipment manufacturer and carrier standards into our planning -and- engineering approach and documentation• We support legacy and next-generation network ... Job information• Site directions• Customer deliverables• Task list/installation notesDiagrams for: • Cable racks• Fiber raceways• Power and grounding• Top and bottom supports• Bay layouts• ... designs for transmission networks,based on our unique expertise. These includedesigns for: • Transmit and receive path • Baseband and optical• Signal grooming• Capacity planning• Ironwork and...

... gian xanh bao la, không gianmang sức sống mãnh liệt.M a đông trong câu thơ c a Tố Hữu cũnglan to hơi ấm m a hè, không hề có cảmgiác lạnh lẽo, bởi sắc đỏ c a hoa chuối nhưphun trào từ gi a ... ấmc a người tình lan to :“Ta về, mình có nhớ taTa về, ta nhớ những hoa cùng người.Rừng xanh hoa chuối đỏ tươiĐèo cao ắng ánh dao gài thắt lưngNgày xuân mơ nở trắng rừngNhớ người đan nón ... c a bài thơ, gắn với “mình– ta, ta – mình”, là cung bậc thiết tha c a tình cảm, là miền ký ức không phai mờ c a người ra đi. Nỗi nhớ ở đây mựơn nguyênmàu sắc ca dao, là sự nối tiếp, là khía...

... các nguyên tố khoáng ở cây m a XXIV thiếu Mn 2. Nhận xét và giải thích kết quả - XV thiếu nitơ - XVI thiếu photpho - XVII thiếu kali - XVIII thiếu Ca - XIX thiếu Mg - XX ... photpho - XVII thiếu kali - XVIII thiếu Ca - XIX thiếu Mg - XX thiếu S - XXI lá cây m a đủ dinh dưỡng khoáng - XXII thiếu B biểu hiện ở ngọn ...

...  You are  I am  You are  I am  You are Bước 4: Đọc những câu sau đây rồi dịch sang tiếng Việt:  I am weak and you are strong.  I am sad and you are happy. ... câu sau: (Dùng những từ: Strong, weak, happy, sad, tall, short, fat, thin, hungry, thirsty. Mỗi từ chỉ được dùng một lần).  I am  You are  I am  You are  I am  You are  I am  ... You are weak: Bạn (thì) yếu And /ổnd/ Và , còn Bước 1: Xem tranh - Đọc chữ - Nghe đọc lại vẽ tranh 1 bạn học sinh khỏe mạnh vẽ tranh 1 bạn học sinh yếu ớt Strong Weak vẽ tranh 1...