... parsing, syntax-basedmachine translation, morphological analysis, grammarinduction, and finite-state operations.It is well known that various parsing algorithms for CFG and other formalisms can be ... classes can also perform an exactbackward (outside) pass in the service of parameter train-ing. The compiler already knows several implementationtricks, algorithmic transforms, and numerical ... offer a new programming language, Dyna, that al-lows one to quickly and easily specify a model’s com-binatorial structure. We also offer a compiler, dynac,that translates from Dyna into C++ classes....