... from 155 in 1988 to 108 in 1998, it rose again to 111 in 2003. In the Upper East Region, however, progress achieved in the 1980s and 1990s continued. According to the 2003 GDHS, the infant mortality ... Social Science & Medicine 36(11): 1,383–1,395. Ministry of Health of the Republic of Ghana. 1998. A Profile of Health Inequities in Ghana.Accra: Ministry of Health. Mintrom, Michael. 1997. ... develop social insurance mechanisms that elude other modern health- care providers. In providing a range of health- care services, community nurses introduce major means of making gains in child survival....