... be58AsEME’sbegintoindustrialize,theyinitiallyhave the benefit of rapidurbanization(asagriculturalproductivityrises)and the internationaltransfer of technology.Overtimeboth of these“catchup“factorssupportinggrowthbecomelessimportant.59Itisimportanttonotethat the debatewaswith the Keynes ofthe “Treatise”andnotyet the Keynes ofthe “GeneralTheory”.In the TreatiseonMoney,Keynescalledformonetaryauthoritiestotake“extraordinary”,“unorthodox”monetarypoliciestodealwith the slump.Kregel(2011)p1,contendsthat The unorthodoxpoliciesthatKeynesrecommendsareanearlyperfectdescription” ofthe ultraeasymonetarypoliciesfollowedinJapan,andmorerecentlyinothercountries.Recall,asnotedabove,thatKeynes’enthusiasmforsuchmonetarymeasureshadfadedby the time ofthe GeneralTheory.19“malinvestments”tobuildupinbothphases of successivecreditcycles.65Thesedevelopmentsaredocumentedbelow.1) ... notrends(awayfromdesiredlevels)inrecentyears,theydoseemtohavebecomemorevolatile.55Alternativeexplanationsfor the “GreatModeration”arediscussed at lengthinBorioandWhite(2003)56AmoredetailedanalysisisavailableinWhite(2008).SeealsoIssing(2012)p10.57 The OECDestimatesthat the level of potentialin the OECDcountriesfellafter the onslaught ofthe crisisbyabout3percentonaverage.Theystress,however,thattheseestimatesarehighlyimprecise.11Itis of coursetruethatstillmoreaggressiveunconventionalmeasurescouldbeintroducedthatmighthave the effectdesired.Indeed,inchastising theBankof Japanforitstimidity,Bernanke(2000)and ... place,conscious ofthe possibilitythatremedies(more ofthe same)mightactuallymake thingsworseovertime. The Austrian conclusion was that credit created by the banking system, rather...
... Sources ofBank Reserves Figure 5 illustrates the link between the size oftheFederalReserve s liquidity facilities and the quantity of reserves in the banking system. The top half of this ... many reserves. The examples show how the quantity ofbank reserves isdetermined by the size oftheFederalReserve s policy initiatives and in no way reflects the initiatives’ effects on bank ... majority of the newly-created reserves will end up being held as excess reserves almost no matter what banks do. The central message ofthe article is that the data in Figure 1 only reflect the size...
... restructuring ofthe banking system, a gradual open-ing to foreign investment, the partial privatization of state-owned banking institutions, and measures to strengthen the capitalization of Vietnamese ... central bank and a commercial bank. The 1990 Ordinance on the State Bankof Vietnam separated the central bank s functions and delegated its banking activities to four newly created SOCBs, ... in the Asia Pacific region. The views expressed in this publication are solely that ofthe author and do not necessarily represent the position oftheFederalReserve System. V ietnam’s banking...
... fluctuation ofthe exchange rate in the previous period and on the two-period lag ofthe output gap. The verticality ofthe aggregate supply is imposed by the restriction that the sum ofthe lagged ... on the choice of values ofthe parameters of preferences that minimize the square deviation between the true interest rate and interest rate optimal simulation. The results showed that the ... restricts the central bank s loss function. The second advantage is that this method facilitates the demonstration ofthe effects ofthe changes on calibrated parameters. Specifically, the calibration...
... billion for the week ended September 15. Bank reserve balances decreased $118 billion, offset by a $110 billion increase in Treasury deposits with Federal Reserve banks (part of “Other”). ... futures markets expect a rate increase around late 2011 or early 2012. As of September 22, the futures market for fed funds indicates an implied rate of about 24 bps for the July 2011 contract. ... delinquency rates on credit cards have been declining across many ofthe major card issuers in the United States. In July, the U.S. 30-day index was down 75 basis points from the year prior,...
... tobias.adrian@ny.frb.org). The views expressed in this paper are those ofthe authors and do not necessarily reect the position oftheFederalReserveBankof New York or the Federal Reserve System. Abstract The ... since the summer of 2007 helped ease the $5 trillion contraction in the size ofthe shadow banking system, thereby protecting the broader economy from the dangers of a collapse in the supply of ... definition of shadow banking, and an estimate ofthe size of shadow banking activity. Section 3 discusses the seven steps of the shadow credit intermediation process. Section 4 is by far the longest...
... States rehypothecation is subject to a 140% cap. The re-hypothecation in the U.K. subsidiary of repo collateral arguably greatly exacerbated the impact ofthe collapse of Lehman Brothers to the ... re-hypothecation of collateral by dealers. Singh and Aitken (2009) investigate the role of re-hypothecation in the shadow banking system. Re-hypothecation is the practice that allows collateral ... subsidy related to implicit support of FHLB liabilities by the US Government. The secured nature of an advance, as well as the lien theFederal Home Loan Bank has on the other assets ofthe borrower,...
... requires an increase in the rate of money growth. The Fisher equation states that the nominalinterest rate equals the real interest rate plus the expectedrate of inflation (Fisher 1896).2If ... rate, adding that rate to the real interest rate converts rates of return in terms of goods to equivalent rates of return in terms of dollars.3 The relationship between money growth and inflation ... rates is somewhat weaker for the shorter time period. All ofthe correlations are lowerthan the corresponding correlations for the entire 1961–98period. This indicates that the cluster of these...
... floatation of new loans is done at Public Debt Of ce atof ces / branches oftheReserveBank and by the Internal Debt Management Department atthe Central Of ce. For the final compilation of ... nationalised theReserveBank under theReserveBank (Transfer of Public Ownership) Act, 1948.Origins oftheReserveBankof India The functions oftheReserveBank today can be categorised ... policy.13 The Central Board of Directors is atthe top oftheReserveBank s organisational structure. Appointed by the Government under the provisions of theReserveBankof India Act, 1934, the...
... summary Federal reserve web addressesBoard of Governors www.federalreserve.gov Federal ReserveBankof Atlanta www.frbatlanta.org Federal ReserveBankof Boston www.bos.frb.org Federal ReserveBank ... a Federalreserve system making sense OFTHEFEDERAL RESERVE 1 MAKING SENSE OFTHEFEDERAL RESERVE 171. Who created theFederalReserve System? (page 1)2. Name the three parts oftheFederal ... oversees the activities ofReserve banks.Board oF governors making sense OFTHEFEDERAL RESERVE 3 THE FEDERALRESERVE SYSTEMisit a FederalReserve bank, and you’ll see that its operations resemble...
... available since the origination ofthe loan, the estimated value ofthe home atthe time of error will be based on the estimated value ofthe home at loan origination adjusted by the Case-Schiller ... Remediation Framework Approach 1. What is the purpose ofthe Financial Remediation Framework? The Office ofthe Comptroller ofthe Currency (OCC) and the Board of Governors oftheFederal Reserve ... calculated? A borrower’s equity is calculated based on the estimated value ofthe borrower’s home atthe time ofthe servicer’s error reduced by the amount the borrower still owes on the property....
... a banking organization to set aside the issue of estimating the likelihood of severe events and to focus more on what kinds of events could threaten the viability ofthe banking organization. ... among other things, the validity ofthe assumptions, the severity of tests, the robustness ofthe estimates, the performance of any underlying models, and the stability and reasonableness ofthe ... Board of Governors oftheFederalReserve System Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Office ofthe Comptroller ofthe Currency Guidance on Stress Testing for Banking Organizations...
... outside the scope ofthe proposed Act, and are infact regulated by Reserve Bank. b) Therefore, the organisations which are not regulated by the Reserve Bank account for an estimated 8% ofthe ... b) There has, therefore, to be a linkage between the amount ofthe loan and the tenure ofthe loan. It is, therefore, suggested that for loans not exceeding Rs. 15,000, the tenure ofthe loan ... private equity has entered the sector. On the one hand, there was a huge unsatisfied demand for microfinance credit and on the other, there was a limitation on the capacity of not-for-profit...