which works promptly on vascular injury and tissue damage the rapid response is generated by specific molecular interactions between components in these systems thus
... act in concert withother partners. For these reasons, further accuratestudies ontheinteractions among cagPAI compo-nents will be relevant not only to clarify the functionof these proteins, ... the formation of the dimer. The surface of interaction between monomers also involves portion of chains D and E of the two monomers, which are held togethernot only bythe S-S bridge between two ... C-terminus helices I and J. In addition, there is a lysine-rich N- and C-ter-minus, in accordance with the basic isoelectric point ofCagS. However, these lysine rich unmodelled N- and C-terminal...
... Interaction between CcCac1L and CcLim15 in a yeast two-hybrid assay. The inserts inthe activation domain(AD) and DNA-binding domain (BK) are shown. +, binding; ), no binding. The mild selection medium ... 2008 FEBS In eukaryotes, sexual reproduction is achieved by the conjugation of genetically variable gametes, which are generated during meiosis inthe parental germline. Mei-osis consists of two ... deposithistones at the site of newly synthesized DNA duringreplication and repair. The results above raised the novel possibility that CAF-1 is involved in chromatinassembly following recombination-associated...
... laminin–LBP interaction (Fig. 3A). The proteindenaturant urea at 2Mprevented binding, i ndicating againthat thein teraction is conformation-dependent. Increasing the NaCl concentration to ... binding between laminin and laminin binding proteinofLeishmania is stimulated by zinc and may involve lamininzinc-finger like sequencesKeya Bandyopadhyay, Sudipan Karmakar, Abhijit Ghosh and ... in their physio-logical address [5,6]. Laminin is a multidomain molecule[24], and it is known t hat there are several specific bindingdomains on laminin for each of the laminin bindingproteins....
... difference between them is decided by total mineral degree and displayed in Table4. In thistable, the second and third(2,3)columnsreferto the meanofconcentrationofmain ions in ... be the maingroundwaterresourceforHanoi,VinhYen,PhucYen,HaTay,HaiDuong,HungYen, and BacNinhprovinces[4].3.Conclusions On the basis of frequency distribution, the maincharacteristicsof quantitativedistributionof chemical components of groundwater inthe RedRiverDeltaareindicatedasfollowing:1. ... sodium ionsconcentration in dryseasonofHoloceneaquifer.Twokindsofiongroup in Holoceneaquifer in RRD can be distinguished based onthe probability distribution law. The ...
... conjugation is increased inresponse to heatshock or oxidative stress [42,43]. By contrast, a lowconcentration of hydrogen peroxide induces proteindesumoylation by inhibition of conjugating ... these results demonstrate that lysine 173 and 289 areinvolved inthe SUMO-1 modification in cells and thatlysine 289 isthe major target for SUMO-1 conju-gation.Multiple SUMO conjugation is associated ... residue 289 in the mouse and 224 inthe human LRH-1, was the majorSUMO conjugation site. Sumoylation of LRH-1 is associated with the repression of transcriptional activ-ity and localization in promyelocytic...
... in binding buffer inthe absence (–)or inthe presence of the indicated concentrationsof DNA–DNA and PDP–PDP molecules, asindicated. After this incubation period, a further20 min incubation ... hybrid in binding to purified p52 and p50 NF-kBproteins. The double stranded PDP–PDP chimera mimicking the HIV-1 NF-kB binding sites inhibits the interactions between crude nuclear extracts and ... proteins belonging to the NF-kB familywas performed by energy minimizations and molecular dynamics simulations [30,31]. Furthermore, the conforma-tional behaviour andthe thermal stability of the...
... shortend by one residue, andthe two helices change their rela-tive orientation consistent with hinge-bending motions. Thus, the conversion from one backbone conformationto the other of CR II induces ... 191–203) upon binding of Glc. The position of the Glc contact residues N204 and D205 is indicated by anasterisk. (B, C) Demonstrating the related changes inthe backboneconformation based onthe structural ... mutation.Local torsional stresses induced by Glc binding and propagation of the conformational transitionFrom the 3D structures of hGK [12], the overall molecular motion induced by Glc binding is...
... FAD is improved on removing the aromatic shielding residue, and that differen-tial binding affinities are not the major factor in coenzymediscrimination. In conclusion, using a domain dissection ... tryptophan in the isolated FAD domain of rat nNOS (F1395W, F1395S and F1395A) andby probing the thermodynamic and kinetic consequences of these mutations. We have studied the thermodynamic and kinetic ... Clearly, the environment of Trp1395 in the mutant FAD domain is perturbed on reduction of the fla-vin, and also on subsequent disproportionation of the domain to yield the blue neutral semiquinone...
... remain only as specula-tion, this negative charge might decrease intermolecular interactions needed for promotion of a b-sheet configur-ation. If this isthe case, then protonation or binding ... protonation of histidinesmay induce rapid Ab aggregation by altering the positivecharge density at the N-terminus of the Ab polypeptidechain. This increase in charge density may, in turn, increase the ... 13 and 14). Furthermore, severalstudies have shown that histidine 13 and 14 are involved in metal-ion binding [19,39,40]. Therefore, one possibility is that the binding of metal ions or protonation...
... phenomenon. The fold induction by TSA above the PMA-induced level is higher in C3H10T1 ⁄ 2 than Swiss 3T3 as theresponse to PMAalone is greater inthe latter cell line. The effect of NaB on induced ... formation of bands b and c.This suggests that band a contains Sp1, band b con-tains both Sp1 and Sp3, and band c contains Sp3.DiscussionHDACs usually act as transcriptional repressors, there-fore ... this isthe HDAC inhibition profiles of all these HDACi are incomplete and are generally basedupon semipurified protein fractions andin vitro assays.Finally, it is interesting to note that the...
... administered 20 minutes after tracer injection. With injection of the tracer, there is bolus visualization of the inferior vena Novel Insights on Chronic Kidney Disease, Acute Kidney Injury ... Appropriate excretion is observed inthe left kidney and ureter both before and after administration of furosemide. On the right side, minimal excretion is demonstrated prior to and following the diuretic. ... considerations in describing and classifying the causes of obstructive nephropathy. One of the most important and useful distinctions isthe anatomic level at whichthe obstruction occurs – namely, the...
... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?Many Web applications require another server authenticate usersExamine how information is passed betweenthe two serversEncrypted channelsVerify that logon and password information is stored on secure placesAuthentication servers introduce a second target443734APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)Top10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)Remote administration flawsAttacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interfaceWeb and application server misconfigurationAny Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable to attackDefault accounts and passwordsOverly informative error messages3216WEB FORMSUse the <form> element or tag in an HTML documentAllows customer to submit information to the Web serverWeb servers process information from a Web form by using a Web applicationEasy way for attackers to intercept data that users submit to a Web server7APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURESOpen Web Application Security Project (OWASP)Open, notforprofit organization dedicated to finding and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applicationsPublishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesTop10 Web application vulnerabilitiesUnvalidated parametersHTTP requests are not validated bythe Web serverBroken access controlDevelopers implement access controls but fail to test them properly29USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGESDynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting languagesVBScriptJavaScriptPHP18OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC) (CONTINUED)ODBC definesStandardized representation of data typesA library of ODBC functionsStandard methods of connecting to and logging on to a DBMS24WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTS Static Web pagesCreated using HTMLDynamic Web pagesNeed special components <form> tagsCommon Gateway Interface (CGI)Active Server Pages (ASP)PHPColdFusionScripting languagesDatabase connectors6APACHE WEB SERVERTomcat Apache is another Web Server programTomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all Web sitesAdvantages Works on just about any *NIX and Windows platformIt is freeRequires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE, version 5.0)15 ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPED?Several different platforms and technologies can be used to develop Web applicationsAttacks differ depending onthe platform and technology used to develop the applicationFootprinting is used to find out as much information as possible about a target system The more you know about a system the easier it is to gather information about its vulnerabilities45OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access GroupODBC interface allows an application to accessData stored in a database management systemAny system that understands and can issue ODBC commandsInteroperability among backend DBMS is a key feature of the ODBC interface2348UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONSIt is nearly impossible to write a program without bugsSome bugs create security vulnerabilitiesWeb applications also have bugsWeb applications have a larger user base than standalone applicationsBugs are a bigger problem for Web applications5DOES THE WEB APPLICATION CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE SERVER? (CONTINUED)Basic testing should look forWhether you can enter text with punctuation marksWhether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywordsWhether you can get any sort of database error when attempting to inject SQL43DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?Static Web pages do not create a security environmentIIS attack exampleSubmitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web serverIIS does not correctly parse the URL informationAttackers could launch a Unicode exploithttp://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/ ... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?Many Web applications require another server authenticate usersExamine how information is passed betweenthe two serversEncrypted channelsVerify that logon and password information is stored on secure placesAuthentication servers introduce a second target443734APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)Top10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)Remote administration flawsAttacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interfaceWeb and application server misconfigurationAny Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable to attackDefault accounts and passwordsOverly informative error messages3216WEB FORMSUse the <form> element or tag in an HTML documentAllows customer to submit information to the Web serverWeb servers process information from a Web form by using a Web applicationEasy way for attackers to intercept data that users submit to a Web server7APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURESOpen Web Application Security Project (OWASP)Open, notforprofit organization dedicated to finding and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applicationsPublishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesTop10 Web application vulnerabilitiesUnvalidated parametersHTTP requests are not validated bythe Web serverBroken access controlDevelopers implement access controls but fail to test them properly29USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGESDynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting languagesVBScriptJavaScriptPHP18OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC) (CONTINUED)ODBC definesStandardized representation of data typesA library of ODBC functionsStandard methods of connecting to and logging on to a DBMS24WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTS Static Web pagesCreated using HTMLDynamic Web pagesNeed special components <form> tagsCommon Gateway Interface (CGI)Active Server Pages (ASP)PHPColdFusionScripting languagesDatabase connectors6APACHE WEB SERVERTomcat Apache is another Web Server programTomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all Web sitesAdvantages Works on just about any *NIX and Windows platformIt is freeRequires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE, version 5.0)15 ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPED?Several different platforms and technologies can be used to develop Web applicationsAttacks differ depending onthe platform and technology used to develop the applicationFootprinting is used to find out as much information as possible about a target system The more you know about a system the easier it is to gather information about its vulnerabilities45OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access GroupODBC interface allows an application to accessData stored in a database management systemAny system that understands and can issue ODBC commandsInteroperability among backend DBMS is a key feature of the ODBC interface2348UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONSIt is nearly impossible to write a program without bugsSome bugs create security vulnerabilitiesWeb applications also have bugsWeb applications have a larger user base than standalone applicationsBugs are a bigger problem for Web applications5DOES THE WEB APPLICATION CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE SERVER? (CONTINUED)Basic testing should look forWhether you can enter text with punctuation marksWhether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywordsWhether you can get any sort of database error when attempting to inject SQL43DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?Static Web pages do not create a security environmentIIS attack exampleSubmitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web serverIIS does not correctly parse the URL informationAttackers could launch a Unicode exploithttp://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/ ... DOES THE WEB APPLICATION REQUIRE AUTHENTICATION OF THE USER?Many Web applications require another server authenticate usersExamine how information is passed betweenthe two serversEncrypted channelsVerify that logon and password information is stored on secure placesAuthentication servers introduce a second target443734APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURES (CONTINUED)Top10 Web application vulnerabilities (continued)Remote administration flawsAttacker can gain access to the Web server through the remote administration interfaceWeb and application server misconfigurationAny Web server software out of the box is usually vulnerable to attackDefault accounts and passwordsOverly informative error messages3216WEB FORMSUse the <form> element or tag in an HTML documentAllows customer to submit information to the Web serverWeb servers process information from a Web form by using a Web applicationEasy way for attackers to intercept data that users submit to a Web server7APPLICATION VULNERABILITIES COUNTERMEASURESOpen Web Application Security Project (OWASP)Open, notforprofit organization dedicated to finding and fighting vulnerabilities in Web applicationsPublishes the Ten Most Critical Web Application Security VulnerabilitiesTop10 Web application vulnerabilitiesUnvalidated parametersHTTP requests are not validated bythe Web serverBroken access controlDevelopers implement access controls but fail to test them properly29USING SCRIPTING LANGUAGESDynamic Web pages can be developed using scripting languagesVBScriptJavaScriptPHP18OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC) (CONTINUED)ODBC definesStandardized representation of data typesA library of ODBC functionsStandard methods of connecting to and logging on to a DBMS24WEB APPLICATION COMPONENTS Static Web pagesCreated using HTMLDynamic Web pagesNeed special components <form> tagsCommon Gateway Interface (CGI)Active Server Pages (ASP)PHPColdFusionScripting languagesDatabase connectors6APACHE WEB SERVERTomcat Apache is another Web Server programTomcat Apache hosts anywhere from 50% to 60% of all Web sitesAdvantages Works on just about any *NIX and Windows platformIt is freeRequires Java 2 Standard Runtime Environment (J2SE, version 5.0)15 ON WHAT PLATFORM WAS THE WEB APPLICATION DEVELOPED?Several different platforms and technologies can be used to develop Web applicationsAttacks differ depending onthe platform and technology used to develop the applicationFootprinting is used to find out as much information as possible about a target system The more you know about a system the easier it is to gather information about its vulnerabilities45OPEN DATABASE CONNECTIVITY (ODBC)Standard database access method developed by the SQL Access GroupODBC interface allows an application to accessData stored in a database management systemAny system that understands and can issue ODBC commandsInteroperability among backend DBMS is a key feature of the ODBC interface2348UNDERSTANDING WEB APPLICATIONSIt is nearly impossible to write a program without bugsSome bugs create security vulnerabilitiesWeb applications also have bugsWeb applications have a larger user base than standalone applicationsBugs are a bigger problem for Web applications5DOES THE WEB APPLICATION CONNECT TO A BACKEND DATABASE SERVER? (CONTINUED)Basic testing should look forWhether you can enter text with punctuation marksWhether you can enter a single quotation mark followed by any SQL keywordsWhether you can get any sort of database error when attempting to inject SQL43DOES THE WEB APPLICATION USE DYNAMIC WEB PAGES?Static Web pages do not create a security environmentIIS attack exampleSubmitting a specially formatted URL to the attacked Web serverIIS does not correctly parse the URL informationAttackers could launch a Unicode exploithttp://www.nopatchiss.com/scripts/...