... number of nodes for PDCA is not an easy task and we cannot specify the exact number of them They should be a function of the network size, the degree of resilience required against attacks and number ... key and establish a (k,n) threshold sharing of a private key, all CHs must participate with the Distributed Key Generation algorithm as part of the construction of the NTDR backbone Rao and Xie ... reduces the response time and overhead of various DCA operations and enhance the availability and response time of the system Second, to increase the security of DCA, each node’s share must be...
... result of the selection Actually, it is not necessary to assign unique names to the identities; in fact, it suffices that each entity knows the number of descendents of each of its children, and ... that the number k of initiators is not known a priori and can change at every execution The message cost of this approach depends solely on the number of initiators and on the type of unique-initiator ... neighbors and becomes active; any noninitiator, upon receiving the activation message from a neighbor, sends it to all its other neighbors and becomes active; active nodes ignore all received activation...
... shown in Figures 3.43, 3.44, and 3.45 Let us analyze the cost of the protocol How many candidates there can be in stage i? As each of them has a territory of size i and these territories are disjoint, ... from a very interesting property of those rings In fact, each R(i) is “contained” in the interior of R(i + 1): All the links of R(i) are chords of R(i + 1), and these chords not cross This means ... all districts of A must be notified of the name and level of the city they just joined (so rule (2) is satisfied) All these requirements can be easily and efficiently achieved First of all, the entry...
... 5.4.6, and informs each yj of Q(j ); yj locally and directly evaluates Q(j ) and sends the result to x; and x computes the union of all the received items To understand the advantages of this ... Create a bitmask of size n − For each set Sj (a) if Sj is the right operand of an intersection operator, then place in the jth position of the bitmask; (b) if Sj is the right operand of a difference ... complexity of the resulting protocol Let us examine some of the possible choices and their impact Random Choice We can choose d(i) uniformly at random; that is, in such a way that each item of the...
... number of bits by using pipeline For example, during every stage of protocol Stages and thus of protocol SynchStages, the information from each candidate must reach the neighboring candidate on each ... the result If the result ofAND is 1, all the entities have value and are in state minimum, and thus know the result If the result ofAND MIN-FINDING AND ELECTION: WAITING AND GUESSING 367 is 0, ... number of bits and then determine the time As we will see, we will have available many choices and, again, we will be facing a trade-off between time and bits Bits Each iteration consists of at...
... the impact of a fault, and thus our capacity to deal with it and design fault-tolerant protocols, depends not only on the type and number of faults but also on the communication topology of the ... however, rule out randomized solutions, that is, protocols that use randomization (e.g., flip of a coin) inside the actions The main drawback of randomized protocols is that they not offer any certainty: ... of Kn into three sets, A, B, and C, of size at least and at most f each; we then set the initial values of the entities in A to Ia , those in B to Ib , and those in C to Ic ; entities a, b, and...
... Shostak, and L Lamport Reaching agreement in the presence of faults Journal of the ACM, 27:228–234, April 1980 [39] K.J Perry and S Toueg Distributed agreement in the presence of processor and communication ... predicate (using and, ” “or,” and “p -of- q” connectors) on its outgoing links; examples of such predicates are as follows: “(two of l1 , l2 , l3 ) or ( l1 and l4 )” and “( l1 and l2 ) or ( l3 and l4 ),” ... l-adjacent Consider the events ψ⌳(A),l and ψ⌳(B),l for A and B, respectively, and the resulting configurations A and B By Properties 7.8.1 and 7.8.2, it follows that also A and B are l-adjacent...
... areas (from distributed databases to systems of finite state machines, from distributed operating systems to distributed transactions to distributed simulation), many times unaware of (and sometimes ... Boukerche and C Tropper A distributed graph algorithm for the detection of local cycles and knots IEEE Transactions on Parallel andDistributed Systems, 9(8):748–757, August 1998 [2] G Bracha and S ... Toueg Distributed deadlock detection Distributed Computing, 2: 127–138, 1987 [3] K M Chandy and L Lamport Distributed snapshots: Determining global states ofdistributed systems ACM Transactions...
... were obtained with fixed magnetic induction Complex-objective function of minimization of entransy dissipation rate and maximization ofmagnetic induction For the case of a constant electrical ... paper Figure shows the front and side views of the solenoid A wire is wound in many layers around a cylindrical space of radius Rin The outer radius of the coil is Rout , and the axial length is ... of electromagnet requests high magnetic induction and low temperature A complex-objective function based on maximization ofmagnetic induction and minimization of entransy dissipation rate will...
... market prices of each microgrid and lumped load 127 Figure 4.35 Bid Quantities (BQ) of each microgrid and lumped load 128 Figure 4.36 Power settings of DERs and load demand of the microgrid ... the control and management ofdistributed power systems and formulates some of the functions of energy management ofdistributed power systems such as generation scheduling and demand side management ... and management ofdistributed power systems The energy management system mainly handles the control and management of any power system Forecasting of electrical load and heat demand and power production...
... topics and personal topics during the favorite coffee time at the Delsys coffee stall and E5 corridors I would like to thank Dr Laksh and Prof Chiu for teaching me the fundamentals of control and ... described by a model of two reactors (CSTR) in series, with a recycle stream from the outlet of the second reactor to the inlet of the first reactor The topic of discussion of section 2.3 of this chapter ... out of the wastewater The two basic types of microorganisms important to the operation of activated sludge system are the plants and animals Plants include bacteria, algae and fungi The bacteria...
... function of electrical andmagnetic field intensities, under fixed values of half-axis: a1 = 0.3aB and c1 = 2aB fixed lengths of half-axis One can see that the effects of the electrical andmagnetic ... Presence of Unidirectional Electric andMagneticFields Let us to consider an impenetrable SOEQD located in unidirectional electric andmagnetic fields (see Fig 1a) The potential energy of a charged ... (short and large half-axes instead of radius) In addition to that the external electric andmagnetic fields causing quantization are alternative tools of control of the energy spectrum of QDs...
... effect ofmagneticfields on living organisms are interesting from both theoretical and practical points of view The geomagnetic field is a natural environmental factor variable in space and time ... effect of static magneticfields involves many topics physiology and medicine, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging, magnetic separation of biological materials and orientation of cell ... cross were left to lay and the development time and number of offspring recorded At each generation, the right wings of females of each progeny were dissected, mounted on slides and measured Variations...
... trifluoroacetic acid Then, μl of the eluted sample was diluted 1:2 fold in μl of SPA (saturated solution of sinapinic acid in 50% acetonitrile with 0.5% trifluoroacetic acid) Two microliters of the ... first pass of signal-noise ratio ofand a minimum peak threshold of 20% of all spectra This process was completed with a second pass of peak selection at 0.2% of the mass window, and the estimated ... cancer [28, 42] and so on [29] The initial serum proteome profiles of CRC were generated by using the combination of MALDI-TOF MS and WCX magnetic beads as well as pattern recognition software in...
... fringing magnetic field and to reduce the power consumption The use of jacket is to provide a return path for the magnetic field lines and thereby shield the adjacent components The use of electromagnet ... desired magnetic field configurations This was accomplished by varying the size of the solenoid coils, thickness of iron jacket, and amp-turns (NI) The optimum values of NI for the side and middle ... the principle of adiabatic invariance for mirror reflection, and high magnetic field mode of operation to successfully generate and confine plasma Design of the electromagnet The magnetic field required...
... observation of new fractions: 4/11, 5/13, and 6/17 between v=2/5 and v=l/3, 4/13 and 5/17 between v=l/3 and v=2/7, and 4/19 between v=2/9 and v=l/5 The v=4/ll state was studied in detail The tilting magnetic ... Magnetism and Kondo Effect in the Normal and Superconducting States* H Alloul, J Bobroff, P Mendels and F Rullier-Albenque 234 * Abstract only Magnetic Field and Impurity Effects in Pseudogap State of ... Vanacken, L Weckhuysen, P Wagner and V V Moshchalkov Part VI 326 327 Magnetism andMagnetic Phenomena Resistivity and Penetration Depth Measurements of Organic Superconductors in High Magnetic Fields...
... optimum approximation of random field The main idea of the POD is to find out a set of orthogonal basic vectors which can expand a multi-variate random process into a sum of products of these basic ... phenomena and POD mode due to series of physical measurements and POD analyses of pressure fields in low-rise buildings Effect of pressure tap positions on the same measured pressure area (uniform and ... physical meaning of the spectral pressure modes as well as the linkage between the pressure modes and hidden events of the unsteady pressure fields Synthesis and identification of random pressure...
... MagneticFields There are two broad areas ofmagnetic field research: research in producing high magneticfieldsand research using high magneticfields Research in producing high magneticfields ... materials growth and processing; andmagnetic separation Research with high magneticfields has led to the development ofmagnetic resonance imaging for medical purposes andof nuclear magnetic resonance ... supply of neutrons in the near term The dramatic growth in the number and size of the facilities and facility user communities exacerbates the problem these facilities have with the inadequacy of...
... López-Urías, and Mu˜ oz-Sandoval (2005) n simulated the micromagnetic property of iron nanorings, and they found large coercive fields for din /dout > 0.5 (din and dout are the inner and outer diameters of ... SEM and TEM images of ␣-Fe2 O3 nanotubes in sample S1 (a and b), Fe3 O4 nanotubes in sample S2 (c and d) and ␥-Fe2 O3 nanotubes in sample S3 (e and f) B Lv et al / Particuology (2008) 334–339 and ... together with the creation of cation vacancies and the addition of oxygen atoms At the surface the Fe2+ cations were oxidized through interacting with adsorbed oxygen to form of ␥-Fe2 O3 , too The...