... additional factors and/ or cofactors that
secondarily contribute to their function and that may
become prevalent in the absence of TGF-β and/ or if TGF-β
is dysregulated. The identification and intersection ... the
periphery, and to represent less than 10% of CD4
+
T cells
67
for the induction and/ or expansion of Treg to enhance
their role in autoimmunity, allergy, and graft rejection.
Conclusion
Innate and adaptive ... important new evidence
documents that Treg can be expanded and/ or induced de
novo from CD4
+
CD25
–
precursor T cells. How, where,
and if the size and function of this population can be
intentionally...
... phosphorylate the cytosolic Smads 2
and 3, which are also referred to as R -Smads and receptor-
activated Smads. Phosphorylation of Smads 2 and 3 results in
a conformational change and permits interaction ... expression.
The Smads are intracellular signaling complexes and consist
of TGF-β receptor-activated R -Smads (such as Smads 2 and
3), a common partner Smad (C-Smad; also known as
Smad 4) and inhibitory Smads ... the Smads; R-Smad = receptor-activated Smad (Smads 2 and 3 for TGF-β signaling; Smads 1, 5 and 8 for BMP signaling); Smad = a
composite term derived from Sma genes from Caenorhabditis elegans and...
... the data and helped to draft the manuscript. YA
obtained consent from patients and collected the samples and
patient data for the study, and participated in the coordination
of the study and writing ... Lewes, UK) and incu-
bated with annexin-V/FITC (Roche) and annexin-V/PI (Roche)
for 15 minutes at room temperature in the dark. Samples were
then washed once in PBS and resuspended in PBS, and
immediate ... The mean SLEDAI and SLICC damage
scores were 1.75 ± 1.8 and 1.1 ± 1.2, respectively. Twenty-
Figure 1
Association of apoptosis and TGF-β
1
Activation IndexAssociation of apoptosis and TGF-β
1
Activation...
... ERK-PP
concentration after stimulation with EGF and PMA
together on the one hand, and the sum of the ERK-PP
concentrations after stimulation with EGF and PMA
separately on the other hand, was not constant, but
increased ... NaCl/P
i
and washed
Fig. 2. Biphasic ERK-PP time profile induced by EGF or PMA alone and synergistic ERK phosphorylation induced by EGF and PMA together. Cells
were serum-starved for three days and ... extracellular signal-regulated
kinases 1 and 2 by epidermal growth factor and 4b-phorbol
12-myristate 13-acetate
Jorrit J. Hornberg
1
, Marloes R. Tijssen
1
and Jan Lankelma
1,2
1
Department of Molecular...
... of RhoA
and Rac1 GTPases and their downstram effectors
ROCK kinase, LIMK and cofilin, and the concomitant
upregulation of a-SMA gene expression [141].
TGFb-induced Rho GTPase activation and actin
remodeling ... & Colicelli J (2008) Integration of
transforming growth factor beta and RAS signaling
silences a RAB5 guanine nucleotide exchange factor
and enhances growth factor-directed cell migration.
Mol ... Sporn MB & Roberts AB (1992) Transforming growth
factor-beta: recent progress and new challenges. J Cell
Biol 119, 1017–1021.
3 Roberts AB (1998) Molecular and cell biology of TGF-
beta. Miner...
... plasminogen activators tPA
and uPA include two and one kringles, respectively.
The ligand blot analysis (Fig. 1) revealed binding of TN
to Plg, tPA, and HGF, whereas uPA, prothrombin, and
MSP showed no ... mixture of full-length and N-terminally
cleaved TN.
Ligand blot analysis
In an attempt to identify new compounds capable of TN-
binding, several candidates were subjected to ligand blot
analysis. ... The
plasminogen-like growth factors HGF and MSP are very
similar to Plg in their domain structure and each of them
contains four kringle domains. Prothrombin has two kringle
domains and the structures...
... lipopolysaccharide-induced
tumour necrosis factor-a production by transforming
growth factor-b1
Tarnjit K. Khera
1
, Andrew D. Dick
1,2
and Lindsay B. Nicholson
1,2
1 Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, School of ... anti-inflammatory
cytokine transforminggrowth factor-b1 (TGF-b1) of
the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-a via the induction
of FXR1 is the focus of this article.
TGF-b1, a member of the large transforming growth
factor-b ... of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-10,
IL-12 andtransforminggrowth factor-beta (TGF-
beta) mRNA in synovial fluid cells from patients in
the early and late phases of rheumatoid arthritis
(RA)....
... heregulin and neu differentiation factor) are
members of the second group, and have specific affinity for
ErbB-3 and ErbB-4. The third group is composed of the
ligands that bind to both ErbB-1 and ErbB-4, ... [25–28].
Affinity labeling between ErbB-1 and EGF, using a
heterobifunctional reagent, showed that the N- and
C-terminal parts of the ligand are cross-linked to domains
I and III, respectively, of the receptor ... Driscoll, P.C. & Campbell, I.D. (1992)
Human epidermal growth factor. High resolution solution struc-
ture and comparison with human transforminggrowth factor a.
J. Mol. Biol. 227, 271–282.
8. Kohda,...
... promoter of human
selenoprotein P responsive to transforminggrowth factor-b
Volker Mostert
1
, Sandra Wolff
1
, Ingeborg Dreher
2
, Josef Koă hrle
2
and Josef Abel
1
1
Medizinisches Institut fu
ă
r ... involvement
of Smad 3 and 4 in transcriptional regulation of SeP by
TGF-b
1
and we were able to identify the TGF-b-responsive
element in the SeP promoter.
Keywords: selenoprotein P; transforminggrowth factor-b
1
;
Smad; ... W. (1998)
Identification and functional characterization of a Smad binding
element (SBE) in the JunB promoter that acts as a transforming
growth factor-beta, activin, and bone morphogenetic protein-
inducible...
... 142: TransformingGrowth Factor-
`
Protocols
Edited by: P. H. Howe â Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
Detection of TGF-` in Body Fluids and Tissues
Andrew H. Limper
Introduction
Transforming growth ... D., Moses, H. L., and Holley, R. W. (1984) Growth
inhibitor from BSC-1 cells closely related to platelet type ` transforming growth
factor. Science 226, 705–707.
41. Kojima, S. and Rifkin, D. B. ... Active TGF-
`
27
39. Sato, Y. and Rifkin, D. B. (1989) Inhibition of endothelial cell movement by
pericytes and smooth muscle cells: activation of a latent transforminggrowth fac-
tor-`1-like molecule...
... steatohepatitis and 36 with chronic hepatitis C. All had a biopsy-proven diagnosis.
Measurements: Serum concentrations of transforminggrowth factor-beta1 and ferritin.
Results: High concentrations of transforming ... increased liver damage and collagen deposition.
Transforming growth factor-beta1 released by hepatic stellate cells during chronic liver injury plays a critical role in liver
apoptosis and fibrogenesis.
Objective: ... CRP (P = 0.07) and TGF-β1 (P = 0.054) were
expressed as mean (SD). BMI, not normally distributed (P
= 0.003), and ordinals, i.e., US and histology scores, were
expressed as median and range.
The...
... western
blots and development of the morphometric method to
quantitate microglia activation; GL and MH organized
and paid for the synthesis and delivery of the chow con-
taining pioglitazone and ibuprofen. ... proliferator-activated
receptor γ ; TGF-β1, transforminggrowth factor β1, TZD,
thiazolidinedione.
Competing interests
Gary Landreth received a honorarium for a talk given to
Takeda North America in 2003, and received funding
from ... study reporting up-regulation of APP mRNA and
protein, and increased production of Aβ40 and Aβ42 in 6-
month-old TGF-β1 heterozygous mice [38]. This and one
other study [39] also showed that...