... band and the bottom of the conduction band there is an energy gap, later called the bandgap (seeChap. 6).Fig. 2.5. Schematic ofthe origin of valence and conduction band from the atomic sand ... function ofthe distance ofthe atomic nuclei (schematic).Adapted from [42]due to the overlap and coupling ofthe atomic wavefunctions (see Chap. 6). The mixing ofthe states leads to the formation ... resistors.Initially, the invention ofthe integrated circuit5met scepticism because of concerns regarding yield and the achievable quality ofthe transistors and the other components (such as resistors and...
... to say that the mind ofan animal results from the combination ofthe mental properties ofthe matter ofthe brain, not from its material properties. That is, it locates the origin of mind in ... is, the philosophical study ofthe nature and significance ofthe results and methods of scientific psychology. This latter discipline is to the philosophy of mind as the philosophy of linguistics ... mind. An analogy with another field may help clarify this contrast. We can pose the question 'What is the nature of language?' and mean it in two different ways. We can mean to ask...
... concep-tion ofthe whole of reality, we cannot hope to render compat-ible the theories and observations ofthe various differentsciences: and providing that conception is not the task of anyone of ... Contentsviii4Mentalcontent69Propositions70Thecausalrelevanceofcontent74Theindividuationofcontent79Externalisminthephilosophyofmind82Broadversusnarrowcontent84Content,representationandcausality89Misrepresentationandnormality92Theteleologicalapproachtorepresentation95Objectionstoateleologicalaccountofmentalcontent99Conclusions1005Sensationandappearance102Appearanceandreality103Sense-datumtheoriesandtheargumentfromillusion107Otherargumentsforsense-data110Objectionstosense-datumtheories112Theadverbialtheoryofsensation114Theadverbialtheoryandsense-data116Primaryandsecondaryqualities119Sense-datumtheoriesandtheprimary/secondarydistinction121Anadverbialversionoftheprimary/secondarydistinction125Docolour-propertiesreallyexist?126Conclusions1286Perception130Perceptualexperienceandperceptualcontent131Perceptualcontent,appearanceandqualia135Perceptionandcausation137Objectionstocausaltheoriesofperception143Thedisjunctivetheoryofperception145Thecomputationalandecologicalapproachestoperception149Consciousness,experienceand‘blindsight’155Conclusions1587Thoughtandlanguage160Modesofmentalrepresentation162 The languageofthought’hypothesis164Analogueversusdigitalrepresentation167Imaginationandmentalimagery169Thoughtandcommunication175Doanimalsthink?178Naturallanguageandconceptualschemes183 ... already made in many other fields of enquiry.However, there seems to be an important disanalogy between the proposed identification of pain with something likeC-fibre stimulation and the other ‘scientific’...
... producingtransformant and was used for the purification of GALA.Growth of this transformant and subsequent purification of the enzyme were performed as described in Materials andmethods. Purity ofthe ... transformed with pIM3982 and transformantswere analyzed for b-1,4-endogalactanase production usingazo-galactan. Transformant NW290::pIM3982.77 wasselected as the highest b-1,4-endogalactanase ... sub-strate. This most likely means that the removal of the L-arabinose residues from the galactomannan oligosaccha-rides is caused by traces ofan enzyme in the b-1,4-endogalactanase preparation that...
... North-American men; access and use has diffused to the rest ofthe population and the rest ofthe world. Of these users, ã Almost all use email, with email rapidly becoming more used than the telephone. ... book brings together studies from the United States – the mother ship ofthe Internet – as well as Canada, Britain, Germany, India, Japan and globally that examine the impact ofthe Internet” ... everyday life. The authors have in common the acceptance ofthe wholeness of human experience, and the idea that the Internet cannot be separated from ongoing activity. They take an integrative...
... parallel to the axis about which the moment acts. The right hand rule of the thumb pointed in the vector direction and the curve fingers ofthe right hand showing the direction of the moment is ... ComeForces and Moments 31.3 Forces in Mechanics of MaterialsThere are several types of forces that act on solid bodies. These consist of forces applied to the mass of the body and to the surface ofthe ... some circumstances it is possible to predict the value ofthe resultants of these forces without finding the actual distribution ofthe forces. This, in fact, is an important lesson of Chapter 2....
... summarize the highlights of this chapter, we can say that the under-standing of matter, the development of electricity, and the unveiling of the structure ofthe atom have led to the discovery of a ... relative to the center of massand the energy of motion is pro portional to the sum ofthe squares of the speeds ofthe molecules. The observ er inside the moving vehicle calcu-lates the gas temperature ... massive than the athleticrunners.All the atoms ofan element have the same number of protons in theirnucleus and the same number of electrons in the atom’s surroundingcloud, but they may have...
... values ofthe physical magnitudes that characterize the system at anygiven instant of time (position and speed in the case ofthe car; frequency andamplitude of oscillation in the other two ... per-ception of beats of mistuned consonances and fundamental tracking, has hada great impact on the theory of hearing. On the one hand, the perception of beats of mistuned consonances (Sect. 2.6) is an ... fre-quency and the musical circumstances under which they occur. The peculiar, dis-pleasing sound ofan instrument out -of- tune with the accompaniment is caused bybeats. The ugly sound of out -of- tune...
... after the arrival ofthe Spanish invaders by the North American Indian:Giovanni Verazzano, who visited the Atlantic Coast in 1524, commented upon the vast quantities of copper owned by the Indians, ... ridiculous and to many others a threat to the dignity of themselves as members ofthe human race or worse, a threat to the veryexistence of humanity as the only reasoning animal living on the planet.Americans ... to complain about. Humans aren’t the best ditch-diggers in the world, machines are. And humans can’t lift as much as a crane. They can’tfly without an airplane. And they can’t carry as much as...
... Salindres to reduce the melting point and viscosity ofthe slag, and to dissolve the thin layers of alumina which formed on the surface ofthe reduced globules of aluminium,thus enabling them to coalesce. ... 45kg (99lb) of cryolite and 35kg (77lb) of sodium. The function ofthe cryolite was to actas a flux and dissolve the alumina on the surface ofthe aluminium globulesproduced, so that they were ... reductionprocess to the Prince Consort and to Michael Faraday. His first contact with the London firm of Johnson and Matthey was in 1857, and from 1859 theyacted as the British agents for the sale of his...
... hastwo bells and hoppers, one above the other to prevent loss of gas. The top bellis opened and the raw materials fall on the lower one, which is closed andsealing the furnace. Then the top bell ... made slag with the silica in the sand lining ofthe furnace. This was the source ofthe waste; abouthalf of all the pig iron went away with the slag.Hall’s wet puddling used the same reverberatory ... the middle ofthe nineteenth century iron was at its peak. Cast iron hasmany uses, but wrought iron was still the most important form ofthe metaland by far the most important metal of commerce....
... the proliferation ofthe motor car andaeroplane.TWENTIETH-CENTURY ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION The key to further expansion lay in increasing the speed of cutting by machinetools and in organizing ... gaugesas they became called. To check a diameter the operator tried the gauge whichshould pass the ‘Go’ anvil but not pass the ‘No Go’ end. The difference in the anvil dimensions is the tolerance ... speed than the American auto. The general purpose centre and turret lathes continued tobe improved to give greater accuracy and flexibility of operation and by the late 1920s had hardened and ground...
... variant of the velocipede of Pierre Michaux of Paris. The frame or backbone was of wroughtiron and the drive was by pedals keyed directly to the axle ofthe steerable frontwheel (Figure 8.7). The ... 1870 war. They decided to explore the market inBritain, with some success, and managed to dispose ofthe stock made for the French order. In the following ten years the diameter ofthe front ... which did much to promote the moped and the autocycle. The first of the former, in the early 1950s, was the 50cc NSU from Germany, followedshortly by the Italian Vespa and Lambretta machines,...