the science and technology
The Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes potx
... to the tube axis (a,b,c) The spots A and B as well as C and D approach one another In (d) the spots A and B coalesce In (9 the spots C and D form a single symmetrical streak The positions of the ... closest position from the centre of atom, and the residual four electrons in the L-shell The former is the 1s state and the latter are divided into two states, 2s and 2p The chemical bonding between ... participating into the science of CNTs and there has been remarkable progress in the both experimental and theoretical investigations on MWCNT and SWCNT particularly during the last couple of...
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The Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes III ppt
... to the tube axis (a,b,c) The spots A and B as well as C and D approach one another In (d) the spots A and B coalesce In (9 the spots C and D form a single symmetrical streak The positions of the ... closest position from the centre of atom, and the residual four electrons in the L-shell The former is the 1s state and the latter are divided into two states, 2s and 2p The chemical bonding between ... participating into the science of CNTs and there has been remarkable progress in the both experimental and theoretical investigations on MWCNT and SWCNT particularly during the last couple of...
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The Science and Technology of Carbon Nanotubes pptx
... to the tube axis (a,b,c) The spots A and B as well as C and D approach one another In (d) the spots A and B coalesce In (9 the spots C and D form a single symmetrical streak The positions of the ... closest position from the centre of atom, and the residual four electrons in the L-shell The former is the 1s state and the latter are divided into two states, 2s and 2p The chemical bonding between ... participating into the science of CNTs and there has been remarkable progress in the both experimental and theoretical investigations on MWCNT and SWCNT particularly during the last couple of...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 1 doc
... rotation The combustion of the air-fuel mixture takes place in the chamber formed between the piston and the cylinder head The piston then moves up and down in the cylinder via combustion pressure and ... valves into the combustion chamber The repulsive force of the valve spring drives the backward motion The valves and valve seats fitted in the cylinder head then seal the combustion gas The following ... (black portions) These are: the running surfaces between the piston pin and piston boss, between the cylinder bore and piston, and the piston ring groove and piston ring summarizes the reasons why...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 3 doc
... from the engine There are two types One is the open deck type (Fig 2.41), and the other the closed deck type (Figs 2.2, 2.27 and 2.40) The difference is in the shape of the coolant passages at the ... solidification rate; the faster the rate, the smaller the size and the finer the distribution Figure 3.11 illustrates the solidification process from the melt phase.5 The atoms move randomly in the melt ... between the piston and the cylinder bore is too narrow, then the expanded piston will touch the bore wall instantly If the clearance is too wide, it will cause blowby of the combustion gas when the...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 5 potx
... into the clearance between the ring and ring groove The ring lifts in the groove with the inertial force during the exhaust cycle The piston ring 109 JIS-B8032 prescribes that the decline of the ... ring installed in the groove The ring contacts the bore wall at the ring face The inside surface against the ring surface is called ring back The thickness is called a1 and the width h1 clearances, ... motion follows the uneven shape of the cylinder bore wall Both the distorted cylinder and the swing motion of the piston make the ring gap open and close repeatedly During this motion, the degree...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 6 pps
... pouring The sand is reused The iron shots blast the shaped material to remove the sand The unnecessary gate, sprue and runner are cut The remnants are remelted and reused Grinding deburrs the shaped ... 31 6 The valve and valve seat 6.1 Functions Valves control the gas flowing into and out of the engine cylinder The camshaft and valve spring make up the mechanism that lifts and closes the valves ... Under these conditions, the carbon in the cast iron crystallizes as flaky graphite (Fig 5.11(a)) and the casting expands This expansion ensures that the casting fits the mold shape very well The...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 7 pps
... Material The valve and valve seat 143 Na Na and nitrogen are then placed in the hole and the crown side is friction-welded to the shaft 6.4 Increasing wear resistance 6.4.1 Stellite coating The carbon ... for the valve and valve spring to follow the cam Valve float is the term given to unwanted movements of the valve and valve spring due to their inertial weights To avoid this, the load of the ... other constructional steels chiefly in the degree of cold work, the higher carbon content, the fact that they can be supplied in the pre-tempered condition and their higher surface quality The...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 8 pptx
... Burr shearing removes the flash from the shaped material, and the shaped material is then straightened to remove the bend These processes are carried out at redheat and the shaped material is ... process The function of the forged part determines the required shape, material, accuracy and so on For the mechanical designer, the accuracy and strength of the part is important, while the forger ... 900 °C and 1050 °C The carburizing gas is then admitted through jets and 186 Science and technology of materials in automotive engines thermally dissociates to generate elemental carbon The hydrogen...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 9 pdf
... coil heats and austenitizes the surface, and then the part is quenched in water The depth of heating is related to the frequency of the alternating current; the higher the frequency, the thinner ... hardening25 of the crankpin and the corner radii between the crankpin and web The assembled crankshaft uses induction hardening of the hole into which the crankpin is forcefitted and of the corner ... current, with the part acting as the cathode and the chamber wall acting as the anode The applied voltage (300–800 V) accelerates the ions towards the surface of the part The plasma process operates...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 10 ppsx
... prevent separation of the joint during operation, and so the bolt must be able to withstand the tightening load and the maximum inertial force To reduce the weight of the big end, the bolt hole should ... tend to separate the joint between the body and cap Even a slight separation increases friction loss at the big-end boss, and shortens the life of the plain bearing The stress on the con-rod bolt ... range and demonstrates that decreased oxygen content remarkably lengthens fatigue life The size of nonmetallic inclusions relate to the oxygen content The higher the oxygen content, the larger the...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 11 pptx
... used The response and combustion efficiency of the wheel in acceleration is related to the inertial moment, a function of the weight The lower the weight, the lower the inertial moment and therefore ... the housing The expanded engine exhaust gas is directed through the exhaust manifold into the turbine housing The exhaust gas pressure and the heat energy extracted from the gas cause the turbine ... the fuel and lubricant condense The quantity and composition of the particles depends on the combustion process, quality of diesel fuel and efficiency of after-treatment The soot is a solid and...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 12 doc
... at low cost The third column lists the means for meeting the requirements of each function, and the fourth column lists the properties required of the materials used The shape of the camshaft, ... on the right-hand side of the diagram The phase diagram indicates the equilibrium states at various compositions and temperatures, and is also referred to as an equilibrium phase diagram In thermo-dynamics, ... temperature of the water will rise until it is the same as that of the room This is the equilibrium state, and it will remain stable unless the temperature of the room is changed The phase diagram...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 13 pdf
... dead-end street The car cannot pass through, or the dislocation cannot move through the grain boundary, and thus the metal is strengthened The smaller the grain size, the greater the number of ... returns the wire to its original length The point A is referred to as the yield point The stress A is called the yield stress (indicated by as σ y), and indicates where the elastic property of the ... B, and then increases towards point C The stress decrease to B is due to the fact that the plastic deformation takes place faster than the pulling speed given by the testing machine On further...
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The Science and Technology of Materials in Automotive Engines Part 14 docx
... thermal conduction 87, 90 thermal distortion 30–1 thermal expansion piston design to compensate 65–8 use of silicon to decrease thermal expansion of aluminum 58–9 thermal mass, reducing 239 thermal ... aluminum 58–9 thermal mass, reducing 239 thermal regeneration 244 thermal spray 37, 295 thermal stress 258 thermal tensioning 105 thermocouple 72 thin-walled defect-free cast steel housings 255– ... tensile strength strengthening crankshaft 198–204 hardening 290–1 mechanisms for strengthening metals 288– 91 stress crankshaft 198–200 deformation 170–1, 172 dynamic 170 static 170 thermal 258 stress...
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Potential biogas production from sewage sludge: A case study of the sewage treatment plant at Kwame Nkrumah university of science and technology, Ghana
... further filtration From the SF, the liquid portion is discharged into a nearby river The gravels in the SF and PF are occasionally removed and cleaned There are four penstocks (Valves) at the ... screen The sewage is then pumped into the PST for dewatering as shown in Figure The sludge (solid portion) settles at the bottom whiles the liquid remains on top The liquid is channelled into the ... the monthly sludge generation The estimation of the biogas potential of the sludge the quality of the sludge was analysed and the results is presented below in Table The average litre of biogas...
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Tài liệu 2003 Assessment of the Office of Naval Research''''s Marine Corps Science and Technology Program ppt
... have the ability to understand and to listen to users, comprehend what they are seeking, and then communicate those requirements to the S&T community By understanding the state of the art of the ... operations 8The Department of the Navy Science and Technology Corporate Board is composed of the Vice Chief of Naval Operations, the Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the Assistant ... administering the LC-FNC, Code 353 serves as the IPT science and technology lead TLFeBOOK 18 2003 ASSESSMENT OF ONR’S MARINE CORPS SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM needed link between the Marine Corps and...
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THE FUNDAMENTAL ROLE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGYIN INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT pptx
... scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress ... throughout the study to include the natural sciences, engineering, technology, the health sciences, and the economic and social sciences This report continues to include these disciplines within the ... agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities The Council...
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