... and the Health ofthe Public: A Summaryofthe February 2009 Summithttp://www.nap.edu/catalog/12668.html20 INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE AND THE HEALTH OFTHE PUBLIC In addressing the issue of involving ... publication, Integrative Medicine and the Health ofthe Public: A Summaryofthe 2009 Summit, provides an account ofthe discussion and presentations ofthe two-and-a-half day summit in Washington, ... NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board ofthe National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of...
... togetherwithanexamination of keyuncertaintiesandlimitations;andaseries of conclusionsandinsightsgainedfrom the analysis.ItisimportanttorecallthatthisRIArestson the analysisdonein2008;nonewairqualitymodelingorotherassessmentswerecompletedexceptthoseoutlinedabove. The supplementincludesapresentation ofthe benefitsandcosts of attainingvariousalternativeozoneNationalAmbientAirQualityStandardsin the year2020.Theseestimatesonlyincludeareasassumedtomeet the currentstandardby2020.Theydonotinclude the costsorbenefits of attaining the alternatestandardsin the SanJoaquinValleyandSouthCoastairbasinsinCalifornia,becauseweexpectthatnonattainmentdesignationsunder the CleanAirActfortheseareaswouldplacethemincategoriesaffordedextratimebeyond2020toattain the ozoneNAAQS.InTableS1.1below, the individualrowestimatesreflect the differentstudiesavailabletodescribe the relationship of ozoneexposuretoprematuremortality.Thesemonetizedbenefitsincludereducedhealtheffectsfromreducedexposuretoozone,reducedhealtheffectsfromreducedexposuretoPM2.5,andimprovementsinvisibility. The rangeswithineachrowreflecttwoPMmortalitystudies(i.e.PopeandLaden).Rangesin the totalcostscolumnreflectdifferentassumptionsabout the extrapolation of costsasdiscussedinChapter5 ofthe 2008OzoneNAAQSRIA. The lowend ofthe range of netbenefitsisconstructedbysubtracting the highestcostfrom the lowestbenefit,while the highend ofthe rangeisconstructedbysubtracting the lowestcostfrom the highestbenefit. The presentation ofthe netbenefitestimatesrepresents the widestpossiblerangefromthisanalysis.TableS1.2presents the estimate of totalozoneandPM2.5‐relatedprematuremortalitiesandmorbiditiesavoidednationwidein2020asaresult of thisregulation.S2‐2rate of ozonereductionseeninpreviousairqualitymodelingexercisestoestimate the additionalemissionsreductionsneededtomeet the lowertargets. The details ofthe approachareexplainedbelow,butformostareas ofthe analysisweusedsimpleimpactratiostoproject the ozoneimprovementsasarate of NOxemissionsreduced.Use of non‐site‐specific,linearimpactratiostodetermine the non‐linear,spatially‐varying,ozoneresponsewasanecessarylimitationwhichresultsinconsiderableuncertaintyin the extrapolatedairqualitytargets. ... $47,000aEstimatesareroundedtotwosignificantfigures.Assuch,totalswillnotsumdowncolumns.S.2.4.4 Summaryof TotalCosts TableS2.9presentsa summaryofthe totalnationalcosts of attaining the 0.055ppmand the 0.060ppmalternativestandardsin2020.This summary includes the engineeringcosts of the modeledcontrolstrategy(presentedin the 2008OzoneNAAQSRIAChapter54), the additionalsupplementalcontrols,aswellas the extrapolatedcosts.ConsistentwithOMBCircularA‐4,costsarepresentedata7%discountrate.7 The midrangeestimateconsists of usinganMvalue of 0.24for the estimation ofthe averagecostperton of controlbygeographicarea.Foracompletelisting of averagecostpertonbygeographicareaseeAppendixS2a.S2‐10FigureS2.2:Map of ExtrapolatedCostCountiesfor the 0.060ppmAlternateStandardandEstimatedPercentageNOxControlsNeededtoMeetthatStandardin2020S2.3 ... The costs of identifiedcontrolmeasuresaccountsforanincreasinglysmallerquantity of the totalcosts of attainment.Thisisamajorlimitation ofthe costanalysis.Weassumeamajority ofthe costs of attaining the tighteralternativestandardswillbeincurredthroughtechnologieswedonotyetknowabout.Thereforecostingfutureattainmentbaseduponunspecifiedemissionreductionsisinherentlydifficultandspeculative. The uncertaintiesandlimitationssummarizedabovearegenerallymoreextensivethanthosefor the 0.075ppm,0.070ppm,and0.065ppmanalyses. The tablebelowcontrastsourlevel of confidenceineach ofthe keyresults.TableS2.1:Keyuncertaintiesandlimitationsin the analysisfor0.060ppmand0.055ppmAnalyticalquestion...
... either the likelihood a loan isrepaid (and thus, the cost of a loan) or the availability of credit. These results highlight the distincttradeoff between 1) limiting the collection and use of ... models explain the evolution of credit bureaus and the lending markets they support?Japelli and Pagano (1999) provide one ofthe very few attempts to test the predictions of the theoretical models ... retail experience but not the experience of other financial institutions.Tables 5 and 6 display the results ofthe retail-only simulations. As in the previous discussion of the negative-only simulation,...
... who attended the session with you, with the caveat that the honesty of their opinions (and the useful-ness of those opinions) will depend on the relationshipyou have with them and the power differential ... involvedin the speech — the members of your audience.Spread the WordMuch ofthe mileage you’ll get from your speech isword -of- mouth — from your own mouth to the listenersin the room, and from their ... receiving the information. The common approach looks only at the firsttwo elements, with a focus on the point of view of the sender (the person speaking) and the material beingpitched. Whether anyone...
... form on the basis of elastic theory for the case of plane strain problem . In the case of reinforced embankment , to determine the state of stress - deformation ofthe embankment below the horizontal ... is also the slope of this curve. 3 – In the thesis, the author proposes the dangerous sliding surface of reinforced embankment slope which is in the shape of ellipse. The center ofthe ellipse ... In the first step to finding solutions is the initial displacement ofthe system , the stiffness of geotextile to build the stiffness matrix is the slope ofthe first straight line from the...