... [11,12]. The study of these events istaxing, as the biosynthesis of glycoproteins is not tem-plate driven. This results in the formation of so-called‘glycoforms’ [11,12], proteins with the same ... 1957catalyze enhanced hydrolytic degradation ofthe targetprotein.More recently, the glycoMTS method has allowed the synthesis ofthe first examples of a homogeneousprotein bearing symmetrically ... scaf-fold. These terms reflect not only the linearity orconvergence ofthe chemical steps that may lead to agiven synthetic protein, but also the structural strategythat links the (linear) segments of...
... below). The aim of these footnotes, then, is to help the readers in checking the validity of the argument.INTRODUCTION1 goal ofthetranslation The extraordinary influence of Archimedes over the ... equal to the line drawn from the vertex of the segment to the circumference ofthe circle which is the base of the segment.5Next to these, that, in every sphere, the cylinder having a1 The later ... triangle having the same base as the segment and an equal height.3Later, theorems worthy of mention suggested themselves to us, and wetook the trouble of preparing their proofs. They are these: first,...
... terminal in the sinus gland, as a result of late and progressiveisomerization ofthe Phe3 ofthe CHH during the migration ofthe secretion vesicles along the axonaltract [39,41]. The immunohistochemical ... microscopystudy ofthe neuronal endings in the sinus gland todetermine the subcellular localization ofthe differentepimers. Taken together, these results allow a discus-sion ofthe existence of enzyme(s) ... indication of the presence of both hormones in these cells. The existence of mixed CHH ⁄ VIH cells was later confirmedat the mRNA level [26]. When, at an early stage of our study, we considered the...
... use any ingenuity or knowledge of Russian they might have to divine the meaning ofthe translations. The rankings ofthe translations by the average rat- ings on the informativeness scale are ... terms of intelligibility, the three human translations are all fairly near the top ofthe scale, Translation No. 2 being the least acceptable of these. It is of interest to note that Translation ... symmetry of Parts I and II ofthe experiment, the Rus- sian readers were not given the opportunity to evaluate the sentences ofTranslation No. 0 as translations of the Russian originals.) The...
... represents the ra-tio of errors in the set of low scored translationsaccording to a given metric. The horizontal axisrepresents the ratio of errors over the set of highscored translations. The first ... state -of -the- art metrics. The analysisconfirms that deep linguistic techniques are neces-sary to avoid the most common types of error.Section 2 examines the state ofthe art Section 3describes the ... metric308Proceedings ofthe 47th Annual Meeting ofthe ACL and the 4th IJCNLP ofthe AFNLP, pages 306–314,Suntec, Singapore, 2-7 August 2009.c2009 ACL and AFNLP The Contribution of Linguistic Features...
... without regard to the sources of the sentence. The harder question is Can a morefluent translation be distinguished from a less flu-ent translationofthe same sentence? The results from these experiments ... predict the status of each sentence in the WSJ articles. One ofthe models was that fordistinguishing human translations from machinetranslations (human vs machine MT), the otherwas the model ... evaluators141Proceedings ofthe 12th Conference ofthe European Chapter ofthe ACL, pages 139–147,Athens, Greece, 30 March – 3 April 2009.c2009 Association for Computational LinguisticsPredicting the fluency of...
... processing the rest of the input data if the workflow is robust (i.e. makesuse of retry and parallelisation) and the error isconfined to a WS (i.e. it does not affect the rest of the workflow).An ... ofthe interface(layout, colours, names, logos, etc.). The cate-gories that make up the classification system usedin the Registry have been adapted to the NLPfield. At the time of writing there ... whether each re-quirement is fulfilled or not. The quality of the tools is not altered as they are deployed as WSswithout any modification. According to the eval-uation ofthe current version of...
... complex requirements on both the linguistic theories involved and on the theories of translation. Perhaps the most refreshing aspect ofthe endeavour has been the new perspective which one ... design of a text- based MT-analysis. In summary, then, we have introduced the projects involved, and the structure ofthe German-Engllsh transfer mechanism, offering specific examples ofthe ... have made crucial use ofthe upper model in constructing our combination ofthe two compo- nents. In effect, the upper model can often mediate between the results ofthe MT analysis, expressed...
... language nor ofthe discipline ofthe test ma- terials. The summary results of this experiment showed that in the case ofthe first group full meaning transfer had taken place and the translated ... knowledge ofthe discipline, but not the Russian language. The third group had the Russian language capability but no expertise in the substance. And the fourth group had neither knowledge ofthe ... of algorithmic routines will permit the storage of only the stem form of words with the computer car- rying out the necessary logical analysis to identify the morphology and the function of...
... and meaning in the act of speech (i.e., the pro- cess of objective understanding). On the other hand, the theory of MT (which is a branch ofthe semiotic theory of translation, not of com- ... direction and, on the basis of an analysis ofthe existing strategies of MT on the one hand (Part I), and ofthe functioning ofthe process of human translation on the other (Part II), first, ... and the linguistic problems ofthe theory oftranslation (both HT and MT) into the general problem area of mathematical linguistics. Since the realization ofthe process of MT, as well as of...
... takes the first translation in the entry as the translation ofthe term without any further analy-sis. When the term is a string of words such as "number(数量) of( 的) infections(感染)", the ... the Chinese title (C-title) in title field ofthe original TREC topic (reference translation 1); the other is the transla-tion ofthe title query given by a human transla-tor (reference translation ... and retrieval performance. The better the translation quality, the better the retrieval per-formance is. Figure 5(a) shows the changes oftranslation quality ofthe degraded MT systems on...
... every word on the other side),then we added links from each of these words toNULL. Second, if n words on one side ofthe bi-text aligned to m words on the other side withm > n then we added ... denied that the mis-sion of his trip was to organize an assault on Iraq. The alignment pattern ofthe words in bold is the familiar (3,1,4,2) permutation, as in Figure 1.Most ofthe 12 true ... ofthe pat-terns of translational equivalence exhib-ited by a variety of bitexts. The studyfound that the complexity of these pat-terns in every bitext was higher than sug-gested in the...
... "file". The file S contains the original text to be translated, the file T contains the rough transla- tion resulting from a mechanical translation or a first unrevised human translation. The ... extracted from one of the working files), update the dictionary, insert into the revision file a part of another file, make permutations or transpositions of several parts of a file, and receive ... facilitate the comprehension and development of coded dictionaries which may be hindered by two factors : the dispersal of infor- mation and the obscurity ofthe coding. In ARIANE-78, the lexical...
... first evaluating fluency, the judgesare shown only the hypothesis translation. Theyare then shown a reference translation and areasked to judge the adequacy ofthe hypothesis sen-tences.Table ... IncomprehensibleAdequacyHow much ofthe meaning expressed in the refer-ence translation is also expressed in the hypothesis translation? 5 = All4 = Most3 = Much2 = Little1 = NoneTable 3: The scales for manually ... today’slevels the amount of variation that Bleu admits isunacceptably high. Figure 1 gives a scatterplot of each ofthe hypothesis translations produced by the second best Bleu system from the 2005...
... formation of the eIF4F complex and thus potentially inhibiting the recruit-ment of eIF4A to the initiation complex on the 5¢ end of the mRNA [16,17]. 4E-BP1 does not block thetranslation of mRNAs ... phosphoryla-tion of eIF2, making it unlikely that this pathway is involvedin the inhibition oftranslation under the other stressconditions studied here. The absence of an effect of arseniteon ... was recently shown that the 5¢ UTR of the human hsp70 mRNA contains a potent enhancer of mRNA translation [68]. This may allow high levels of hsp70synthesis in the absence of normal eIF4F function,...