the oxford companion to philosophy part 24 ppt

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 3 pptx

... motion, due to Zeno ofElea. In a race, Achilles can never catch the tortoise, if the tortoise is given a head start. For while Achilles closes the initial gap between them, the tortoise will ... one, the tor-toise will have created another. However fast Achillesruns, all that the tortoise has to do, in order not to bebeaten, is make some progress in the time it takes Achilles to close ... to abortion oftenrefer to themselves as ‘pro-choice’ rather than as ‘pro-abortion’. In this way they seek to bypass the issue of the moral status of the foetus, and instead make the right to abortion...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 7 ppt

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... isdependent. The truth of the house lies in its conformity to the plan,and the truth of the passer-by’s idea of the house lies in itsconformity to the house. In each case there is truth wherethere ... of other figures of the syllogism to the first uses the negated conclusion with one of the original premisses to yield a valid first-figure syllogism whose conclusion is the contradictory of the ... true to the architect’s plan. It is not that the plan does not fit the house but that the house does not fit the plan. On the otherhand if the passer-by does not form an accurate idea of the house...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 10 pptx

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... them. Forexample, our access to the physical world seems to be onlyvia our own sense-data, to the minds of others via theirbehaviour, and to the past via our memories. There arefour types of possible ... forinstance, that the wrongness of *killing rests, in part, on the fact that to deprive someone of their life is normally to violate their autonomy. This account carries the implica-tion that the moral ... wished their life to beended—for instance, in the case of voluntary *euthanasia.On the contrary, respect for the person’s autonomywould then require one to comply with their wishes.Another...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 19 ppt

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... are in the hands of the state. As part of his ignorance thesis, the conservative mustsupport autonomous institutions and the freedom of indi-viduals to make their own way through life and to formand ... *conceptsrequired to specify how they represent the world (to spec-ify their content). This basic idea has been used to try to dojustice to the differences between how the world is repre-sented ... ﬁelds.Upholding the right of individuals to make their ownway through life and to beneﬁt (or not) from the results oftheir efforts, as the conservative does, is to say that indi-viduals are the best...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 23 ppt

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... which tends to make one motivated to produce the end.) According to the less widely held hedonic theoryof desire, to desire some end is to tend toward feeling pleasure if one comes to believe ... inde-pendently from the right, and the right is then deﬁned asthat which maximizes the good. Deontological theorieseither do not specify the good independently from the right or do not interpret the right ... maximizing the good. But it can sug-gest that the right is indeed prior to the good, in the sensethat utilitarians can state that it is right to maximize the good, whatever the good turns out to be....

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 24 doc

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... philosophical topics: the Britannica (from 1768 to the present), Brockhaus (1796 to the present), Larousse(1866 to the present). The ﬁrst works explicitly claiming to be encyclopaediasof philosophy ... (‘All things belong to the gods; the gods are friends to the wise; friends hold in com-mon what belongs to them; so all things belong to the Diogenes the Cynic 215 Given the equal value of persons, ... discourse, the philosophicaland the theological, which give different but non-conﬂictinganswers to the same questions, e.g. the immortality of the soul, the eternality of the world, the perfectibility...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 25 pptx

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... arranged as to enable him to fulﬁl this role. In such a society the rulers will possess the wisdom to guide the rest in the light of the good and the true.In the good city there will be all the usual ... of Socratesthan to the Plato of the Republic.During the Christian era, Platonic themes resurface,notably in the writings of St Augustine. Human natureneeds to be turned to the light because ... regularitiesrequire: they are bound to have the attitudes that lead byordinary psychology to suitable actions; or they arebound, at whatever cost to their attitudinal coherence—they may ‘go on the blink’—to...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 43 pptx

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... agreeable to the personhimself or to others’; and he invokes sympathy, probably the central notion of his whole moral theory, to explain theiroperation. Qualities that are useful or agreeable to otherswill ... were the ﬁrst agents of a de facto *pluralism. The condemnation of the revisionists, and their joiningforces with other dissidents, quickened the pace of the dis-integration of the system. The ... pushed the pendulum to the other extreme, suggesting that only the young andundeveloped is the truly good. Based on a totally inad-equate grasp of the facts, the belief grew that it is in the ‘noble...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 45 ppt

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... controversial cases they give answers to the questions of law in dispute which they claim to be, at leastin their opinion, the right ones. Either the judges are lying to the public, or they are themselves ... left or right, the spatial relations of the hands to each other or to otherthings is irrelevant. The difference between the handsmust then consist, Kant argued, in a relation to *spaceitself, ... neither duck nor rabbit, but where the imagin-ation has freedom to see the drawing as one or the other.Kant’s idea that aesthetic experience involves a ‘free playof the imagination and the...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 51 pptx

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... to the idealist H. H.Joachim’s The Nature of Truth (1906) or to the pragmatistWilliam James’s The Meaning of Truth (1909) as they do to the founding works of analytical philosophy. s.w.b.There ... using them. But the story is entirely schematic, rem-iniscent of the Stoic doctrine of lekta, and Frege tells usnothing of the nature of this grasp, nor how to answer the old objections to the ... effects on the personapprehending them; hence they are theoretically uselessand should play no part in a naturalistic science of the mind. The argument applies to both Platonic and Aris-totelian...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 53 pptx

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... observeis ﬁrst the occurrence of the cause, followed by the occur-rence of the effect. There is nothing to bind them together,apart from the fact that they are constantly conjoined, in the sense ... each has the perceptionswe would expect it to have, were there extended materialobjects that are perceived. The ﬁrst is the thesis of univer-sal expression; the second, the thesis of the *pre-established ... hiscontributions to mathematics, especially to the develop-ment of the *calculus. The debate concerning to whompriority of discovery should be assigned—Newton orLeibniz—captured the attention of their...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 57 pptx

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... 1971).logicism. The slogan of the programme is ‘Mathematics islogic’. The goal is to provide solutions to problems in the philosophy of *mathematics, by reducing mathematics,or some of its branches, to ... is rich enough to docomplete justice to mathematics. It is often said that the logicists accomplished (only) a reduction of somebranches of mathematics to set theory. On the other hand,a number ... enough to employ him, is declared to be the one person ﬁt to discover ‘Virtue’s Terra Incog-nita’. j.o’g.Luther, Martin (1483–1546). German theologian, Profes-sor of Philosophy and then of Theology...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 62 ppt

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... relying in the main onconsiderations (which owe much to Aristotle) concerning the supposed nature of the world which point to the need to assume the existence of a deity. Aquinas also took, withmodifications, ... in the sense defined above; he will probably be an atomist;and he will tend to go for the position that is thought mostflattering to the status of the individual in each of the otherdebates. The ... are not just to extend the problem to another series of contingencies in the vertical direction.Suppose we lump all the assumptions into one bigassumption A and all the laws into one big law...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 63 pptx

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... heredesigned the liberal ediﬁce built on these foundations to the romantic patterns of the nineteenth century. For thesehe was himself one of the great spokesmen. He learnedmuch of the historical ... fundamental to scientiﬁc inquiry was the hypothetical method, in whichone argues to the truth of a hypothesis from the fact that itwould explain observed phenomena. Mill, on the otherhand, ... individuality and autonomy, capable of being brought to fruition through the culture of the whole man. The controversy over Mill’s achievement has alwayscentred on whether the synthesis he sought,...

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy Part 64 pptx

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... than, or prior to, the inten-tionality of language, or is it rather the reverse? Perhaps,neither is prior to the other, both being interdependent.Moreover, we seem to be able to have thoughts ... of modes is that they dependfor their identity upon the identity of the particular sub-stances which possess them. Thus, that a thought is the particular thought it is is partly determined ... examplewould be the square shape of a particular piece of wood.Here the wood is the substance possessing the mode, andspatial extension is the attribute of which the mode is aninstance. Another example...