... interventions themselves,
but also to the people andthehealth systems
supporting them andthe epidemiological and
I Askew, M Berer / Reproductive Health Matters 2003;11(22):51–73
67
In the Women and ... care to the mother
and reduce the likelihood of MTCT of HIV. ‘ The core goal
of all medical therapy is to bring the patient’s viral load
to an undetectable level. When that goal is reached,
the chance ... behaviour and procre-
ation, and intensif ying concerns about human
rights. At the level ofthe individual and the
family, AIDS is complicating sexual relationships
and threatening the ability...
... Assessment ofthe System of Implementing
the MCH Services
The Health workers assessed the implementation ofthe
health services in terms ofthe adequacy of budget and supplies,
adequacy ofthe workers ... informed ofthe services; described the
system of how these services are supported andthe flow of their
delivery. The assessment by the 178 health workers focused on
the adequacy ofthe budget and ... to go to thehealth centers. This may
result to the lack of knowledge ofthe mothers ofthe potential
dangers of not seeking professional health services during their
pregnancy andthe detrimental...
... degenerative
disease ofthe brain andthe leading cause of
SENIL-
ITY in the United States. About 4 million Americans
have Alzheimer’s disease, roughly 10 percent of the
U.S. population over the age of 65 and ... larynx, hair
growth, and muscular development. Testosterone
maintains the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and
sperm production ofthe testes.
The inner region ofthe adrenal gland, the
medulla, is ... bronchioles (the small air
passageways ofthe lungs). It stimulates the release
of free
FATTY ACIDS from fat stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE
and the release of glucose from glycogen. The
effects of norepinephrine...
... larynx, hair
growth, and muscular development. Testosterone
maintains the prostate gland, seminal vesicles, and
sperm production ofthe testes.
The inner region ofthe adrenal gland, the
medulla, is ... health.
This change represents a health revolution,”
based on advances in the science of nutrition. It is
even changing the outlook ofhealth professionals.
The old model of curing disease and ... is the foundation of good
health. This new model ofhealth care emphasizes
the importance of personal choices and lifestyle
modification, especially the critical role of diet in
maintaining health. ...
... ends of long bones ofthe arms
and legs. Red bone marrow fills the cavities and the
ends of some long bones and most flat bones. In
adults, red marrow is the site of synthesis of red
blood cells and ... particles and eases their passage into the
stomach and initiates starch digestion by the
enzyme salivary amylase. The act of swallowing
moves the food past the epiglottis and down into
the esophagus, ... obsessed
with the fear of obesity. They fear being unloved,
being judged in terms of their appearance and
degree of success. Food, eating, and weight control
become obsessions, dwarfing other areas of their
personal...
... powerhouses.
The oxidation of pyruvate andof acetyl CoA
requires the B vitamins
NIACIN, RIBOFLAVIN, THIAMIN,
and
PANTOTHENIC ACID, which form key enzyme
helpers (
COENZYMES). The complete oxidation of
each ... DIET
.)
caviar The roe of sturgeon and other fish that has
been salted and pressed. Sturgeon ofthe Caspian
Sea yield 90 percent ofthe world’s caviar, although
this source is endangered by overfishing and ... no nutritive value and is not
absorbed. Irish moss, which grows along the
shores of Maine andthe Maritime Provinces of
Canada, the British Isles, Scandinavia, and France,
is often added to chocolate...
... re-
cent set of dietary recommendations established by
the Food and Nutrition Board oftheInstitute of
Medicine. They update and expand the
RECOM-
MENDED DIETARY ALLOWANCES the benchmark of
nutritional ... represents the last
5 feet ofthe intestine. It is shaped like a hoop
around the mass ofthe small intestine. The upward
leg ofthe hoop represents the “ascending colon”;
the top ofthe hoop represents ... con-
sumption lowers the risk of hypertension and
related heart and kidney diseases, and adequate
FIBER
intake helps maintain thehealthof the
digestive tract and lowers the risk of colon cancer.
ANTIOXIDANTS...
... muscle.
epithelial tissue (epithelium) The tissues lining
the cavities and ducts ofthe body and all body sur-
faces. The epithelium forms the skin, the lining of
the
GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
and ducts of ... occurring in the blood and other body fluids
and in solutions in general. Electrolytes control the
distribution of water among the blood, cells, and tis-
sues, andthe spaces between them; thus, ... like the
LIVER and PANCREAS, the urinary
tract, the reproductive system, the respiratory tract
and the blood vessels.
There are several fundamental types of epithe-
lium. Simple squamous epithelium...
... supportive
food chain The linkage ofthe feeding habits of
animals to each other and to the plants they con-
sume. As the ultimate consumer of foods, humans
are at the top ofthe food chain. Livestock, ... convenient method
of estimating body FAT. This test relies on a mea-
surement ofthe width of a fold of skin on the back
of the upper arm or other part ofthe body. Skin fold
measurements, together with ... sub-
stances that limit the growth of pathogenic organ-
isms and stimulate the
IMMUNE SYSTEM.
The composition of colonic bacteria varies with
the composition ofthe diet, the transit time (the
speed with...
... digestive
tract and other cavities. Gastric glands in the lining
of the stomach secrete
GASTRIC JUICE for digestion.
The parotoid and salivary glands produce
SALIVA.
Sudoriferous glands in the skin ... aging, CROHN’S DIS-
EASE, cystic fibrosis, and alcoholic cirrhosis of the
liver.
The more refined and processed the foods in the
diet, the greater the risk of developing gallstones.
High-fiber diets ... found in wheat, rye, and other
grains. Together with glutenin, the other major
type of
GLUTEN protein, gliaden is responsible for
the stickiness of dough. The high gluten content of
wheat
FLOUR...
... controlled by the
nervous system andthe
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. The
regulation and integration of these two systems is
accomplished by the
PITUITARY GLAND, the HYPO-
THALAMUS, andthe ADRENAL GLANDS. The ... (contraction of smooth muscles of the
DIGESTIVE TRACT), andthe secretion of most glands,
including sweat glands, glands producing digestive
juices (salivary glands, pancreas, stomach, and
intestinal glands), ... vessels, and cardiac muscles. The
parasympathetic and sympathetic portions of the
autonomic
NERVOUS SYSTEM counterbalance each
other. The sympathetic division adapts the body to
stress, while the...
... people with IBS the urge may come sooner,
with cramps and diarrhea. The strength of the
response is often related to the number of calories in
a meal and especially the amount of fat in a meal.
Fat ... about one-quarter of the
length ofthe small intestine and averages 2.5
inches (6.5 cm) in diameter. The opening between
the terminal portion ofthe small intestine (
ILEUM)
and the large intestine ... the end ofthe menstrual
cycle. Elevated
CORTISOL from the adrenal glands
inhibits the release of
ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN
(ACTH) from the
PITUITARY GLAND. ACTH stimulates
the release of cortisol.
Enzymes...
... about 8 feet long and lies
between the
DUODENUM (the first 10 inches) and
the
ILEUM, the last 12 feet of small intestine. Like
other regions ofthe small intestine, the jejunum
possesses a large ... jaundice reflects the
excessive breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin is
produced during the degradation ofthe red pig-
ment ofthe oxygen-carrying protein
HEMOGLOBIN
during disposal of aged red ... few ofthe vitamins and trace miner-
als, and none ofthe fiber lost during food
manufacture.
Overnutrition is a second consequence of diets
relying on junk foods. Junk food is a major source
of...
... passes through the convoluted
tubules ofthe nephron, where most ofthe sodium
chloride is reabsorbed into the blood. The tubules
help regulate the sodium content andthe pH of the
blood by exchanging ... regions of Africa, the Near East, Asia, and
Central and South America, the disease often be-
gins with the birth of a second child. The weaned,
first-born child must then rely on cereals, often ... cause
dehydration and electrolyte imbalances that further
compromise the patient’s health.
Urine represents the concentrated waste; 99
percent ofthe water has been reabsorbed by the
time urine reaches the...