... progress in our knowledge ofthe bio-synthesis of DIMs and PGLs, thein vivo functions of these FadD proteins in this pathway remain to beestablished and ⁄ or completed. For instance, the involvement ... topromote the transfer ofthe p-HB moiety ontoPKS15 ⁄ 1 [16,18].To examine the involvement of FadD29 inthe bio-synthesis of DIMs and PGLs, we took advantage of the existence inthe laboratory of ... becontrolled in vivo by specific interactions betweenFadD29 and PKS15 ⁄ 1 on the one hand, and FadD26 and the FasI system on the other hand. Further inves-tigations, including protein interaction...
... of GSK3 (using Li or SB-415286)appears to be sufficient for inducing activation of GS in muscle and fat cells, and that inhibition ofthe kinasepotentiates insulin action in muscle of insulin-resistant ... of insulin is topromote the uptake, metabolism and storage of glucose in adipose tissue and skeletal muscle [1]. The hormonalregulation of these cellular processes is initiated by the binding ... lMrapamycin prior to cell stimulationwith 100 nMinsulin for 30 min or 50 mMLi for 60 min. Inhibitors were present throughout the period of incubation with insulin and Li. At the end of these incubation...
... resistance to the action of aerosols is the result of the strength of the structures protecting the leaf, and increaseswith sclerophyllia and with the thickness of the cuticle.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The ... sam-ples and depositsWhen interpreting the results of the chemi-cal analysis of rainwater and deposits it isnecessary to bear in mind the interactionsbetween the matrix and ... near the coast and 2-3 km inland. Samples of bulkdeposits were taken from pine trees (Pinus pineaL) from the section of the crown exposed to the sea and also from the...
... 2.Glucanasesβ-1,3-glucan,orlaminarin,isapolymerofd-glucoseinaβ-1,3configuration,arrangedashelicalcoils.Fungalcellwallscontainmorethan60%laminarin.Whereaschitinisarrangedinregularlyorderedlayers,laminarinfibrilsarearrangedinanamorphicmanner.Therearechemicalbondsbetweenthelaminarinandchitin,andtogethertheyformacomplexnetofglucanandGlcNAcoligomers(103).Laminarinishydrolyzedmainlybyβ-1,3-glucanases,alsoknownaslaminarinases.Theseenzymes,describedinfungi,bacteria,actinomycetes,algae,mollusks,andhigherplants,arefurtherclassifiedasexo-andendo-β-glucanases.Exo-β-1,3-glucanases(β-1,3-glucanglucanohydrolase,[EC3.2.1.58])hy-drolyzelaminarinbysequentiallycleavingglucoseresiduesfromthenonreducingendsofpolymersoroligomers.Consequently,thesolehydrolysisproductsareglucosemonomers.Endo-β-1,3-glucanases(β-1,3-glucanglucanohydrolase[EC3.2.1.6orEC3.2.1.39])cleaveβ-1,3linkagesatrandomsitesalongthepolysaccharidechain,releasingsmalleroligosaccharides.Bothenzymetypesarenecessaryforthefulldigestionoflaminarin(104).Theseenzymeshaveseveralfunctionsinfungiincludingnutritioninsaprotropism,mobilizationofβ-glucansunderconditionsofC-andenergy-sourceexhaustion,andaphysiologicalroleinmorphogeneticprocessesduringfungaldevelopmentanddifferentia-tion(105).GlucanaseshavebeensuggestedasanothergroupofkeyenzymesinvolvedinthemycoparasitismofGliocladiumandTrichodermaspp.againstfungalplantpathogens(Ta-ble1).Thesubstrateoftheseenzymes,β-1,3-glucan,isoneofthemajorcomponentsoffungal ... Spodopteraexigua. These and similar results obtained by other authors (225) suggested the usefulness of introducing chitinase-encoding genes into B. thuringiensis to increase the toxicity of the bacterium ... in two other strains of E. agglomerans tested in this work (157). The chitinolytic activity was induced when the strains were grown inthe presence of colloidalchitin as the sole C source; the...
... examples of new technologies and use them as empirical cases to study innovation processes, elaborating and clarifying the above discussed con-cepts inthe process. The focus inthe following chapters ... State ofthe Art: KMS . Architecture ofthe WorldWideWeb . Mobilizing Resources . The Vision of Xanadu . Sources of Success . The Making ofthe Internet . Laying the Infrastructure ... areturn ofthe ethical, of pleasure andof invention within the scientific institution. Realizing noprofit (profit is produced by work done for the factory), and often at a loss, they take some-thing...
... andin combination, showed increased GFAPexpression in offspring inthe CA1 sub-field ofthe hippo-campus, and white matter and granular cell layer of the cerebellum [17,18]. Inthe present ... exposure to nicotine and chlorpyrifos, alone andin combination, leads to persistently elevatedexpression of glial fibrillary acidic protein inthe cerebellum of the offspring in late puberty. ... be increased following toxic insult to the CNS in many studies. A single subcutan eous injection(50 μg/kg bw, 1/2 LD50) ofthe chol inesterase inhibitorSarin was found to signifi cantly increase...
... affecting and requirement of education and training inthe development of high-quality human resources in Vietnam at present 2.2.1. The concept of education and training to the development of high-quality ... ,! Developing Human Resources and the Role of Education and Training inthe Development of Human Resourcesfor the Cause of Industrialisation and Modernisation in our Country atPresent,/99.6 ... AND TRAINING INTHE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH-QUALITY HUMAN RESOURCES IN VIETNAM AT PRSENT 2.1. High-quality human resources andtheimportanceof developinghigh-quality human resources in Vietnam...
... allow the characterization ofthe poultry production (sub-) systems, the scale of breeding and the realisation ofthe cost-benefit analysis of the mass vaccination campaign against H5N1 in these ... of HPAI, income from the poultry breeding occupied about 19 % ofthe total household income. The Red River Delta and Mekong Delta are the two regions having the largest poultry flock inthe ... 2.3. Methodology ofthe research 2.3.1 Data gathering The research began by the collection of official data concerning the poultry production from the reports ofthe Department of Livestock Production...
... large integers .Theorem3.1. The graph Gì+contains -bundles for arbitrarily large integers .Inpar-ticular, for any positive integer , the graph Gì+contains subgraphs ofthe following type:nn1SSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSSkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkn2MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMppppppppppppppppppn3???????????~~~~~~~~~~~ ... short look at the table might suggest that the type 108is a good candidate, but at least for a ≤ 109, there are just the three 3-fans of type 108given inthe table.On the other hand, I could ... with the help of Prolog.Proposition4.1. Gì+ 4.Proof. Let G10be the subgraph of Gì+induced by the 10 vertices 6, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14,15, 20, and 36: the electronic journal of combinatorics...
... minimum values in summer and maximumvalues in winter [43], have also been linked to frost hardiness in the stem tissue of Cornus sericea [3], inthe leaves of Euca-lyptus gunnii [4] andinthe ... (determination of an index of injury) was suitableto reveal the periods of frost hardening (in late autumn) and dehardening (in late winter; Fig. 3). Compared to the controltrees, the frost hardiness ... defoliation). The freezing injury was determinedas the slope b ofthe linear relationships between the log values of rela-tive conductivity (RC; %) ofthe incubation solution andthe duration of bark...
... elimination volume of hyaluronan from the joint, andthe total volume of joint fluid. The production of hyaluronan in OA or RA may bedecreased because ofthe reduced expression of HAS-1 and ... deviation ofthe base-line of fluorescent signal intensity. The CT value ofthe β-actin message was used as an internal standard.When the target messages were detected in both the con-trol ... isoforms weredetected in all synovial samples. The expression ofthe mes-sages for HAS-1 and HAS-2 was significantly less in the synovium of OA than inthe control synovium (83% and 48% of the...
... 1987). However, according to theseauthors, the duration of the cambial activi-ty period appears to be independent of auxin content, and the regulation of thisduration is ... understood. During the rest period, the IAA level oftenremains relatively high in the cambialzone; treatment with exogenous IAA can-not then induce the resumption of cambialactivity. ... activity, the intensity of cell production and some fea-tures of the resulting wood (radial enlarge-ment, vessel development) are often posi-tively correlated with the auxin...