the complexity of translational equivalence
Báo cáo khoa học: "Empirical Lower Bounds on the Complexity of Translational Equivalence ∗" pdf
... of the pat-terns of translational equivalence exhib-ited by a variety of bitexts. The studyfound that the complexity of these pat-terns in every bitext was higher than sug-gested in the ... every word on the other side),then we added links from each of these words toNULL. Second, if n words on one side of the bi-text aligned to m words on the other side withm > n then we added ... the complexity of an alignment. For example, if we added the links(cela, NULL) and (NULL, that) to the alignmentin Figure 1, the hierarchical alignment algorithmcould use them instead of the...
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Tài liệu Đề tài " On the complexity of algebraic numbers I. Expansions in integer bases " ppt
... established (in the sense that one bounds explicitly the number of exceptional subspaces).We now turn to the proof of Theorem 5. Keep the notation and the assumptions of this theorem. Assume that the parameter ... Theorem 5.Proof of Theorem 4. Let a be a sequence generated by a recurrent mor-phism φ defined on an alphabet A. As we have already noticed in the beginning of the proof of Theorem 3, there exist ... at least two oc-currences of the letter a. We then apply the same trick as in the proof of Theorem 3, and we again conclude by applying Theorem 5.6. Transcendence of p-adic numbersLet p be...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "A Word-to-Word Model of Translational Equivalence" pptx
... about the degree to which context should play a role in judgements of translational equivalence. We hand- evaluated the precision of the link types in our model in the context of the bitext ... translations, then their tendency to ZThe co-occurrence frequency of a word type pair is simply the number of times the pair co-occurs in the corpus. However, n(u) = ~-~v n(u.v), which is not the ... in one half of the bitext co-occur with a particular word to- ken v in the other half of the bitext, the word that is most likely to be v's translation is the one for which the likelihood...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "The Complexity of Phrase Alignment Problems" doc
... however, the space of align-ments has to be pruned severely using word align-ments to control the running time of EM.Notably, neither of these inference approaches of- fers any test to know if the ... to contain sev-eral copies of the literals that appear in those clauses.φ scores only alignments from clauses to literals thatsatisfy the clauses. The crux of the construction liesin ensuring ... in exactly one link. We firstdefine the notion of a partition: iSi= T means Siare pairwise disjoint and cover T . Then, we can for-mally define the set of bijective phrase alignments:A...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "The Complexity of Recognition of Linguistically Adequate Dependency Grammars" potx
... 4 The complexity of DG Recognition Lombardo & Lesmo (1996, p.728) convey their hope that increasing the flexibility of their conception of DG will " imply the restructuring of some ... with the governing word corresponding to the node included in the vertex cover. The subordinated word is assigned the class R, while the governing word is assigned the subclass of O denoting the ... sents. The latter word classes define a valency for words of class R (for the other end point) and a possibly discon- tinuous valency for another word of the identical class (representing the...
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Equivalence in the translation of vietnamese cultural words in the book “wandering through vietnamese culture” by huu ngoc
... suggestions:First of all, given the fact that culture words challengingly belongs to a particular group of people, the consistency of the translation from the beginning of the book to the end of the book ... misunderstanding. equivalence and nil equivalence. We can hardly find the case of one-to- many equivalence. Therefore, this kind of equivalence is not taken into consideration. The writer of the thesis ... by the description of how the dish is cooked. However, the biggest group of dish is translated by the detailed description of how the food is cooked plus its ingredients. The purpose of the...
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The translation of health insuracne terms of non-equivalence group
... importance of the readership to the choice of lexical word is undeniable, 22TABLE OF CONTENTSPART A: INTRODUCTION 11. Rationale 12. Scope of the study 23. Aims of the study 24. Methods of the ... out the meaning of the term will no longer exist. Regarding the disadvantages, the task of preserving the purity and clarity of Vietnamese and avoid attacking the national characteristics of ... TRANSLATION OF HEALTH INSURANCE TERMS OF NON -EQUIVALENCE GROUP 28III.1. The source of non -equivalence problem in the translation of health insurance terms in the US health plans 28III.2. The strategies,...
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Emergent Complexity, Teleology, and the Arrow of Time
... March 10, 2004 1:21Emergent Complexity, Teleology, and the Arrow of Time199 The many-universes theory neatly solves the problem of the origin of the arrow of time. The wave function as a whole ... Christian, in the following terms:1All the labors of the ages, all the devotion, all the inspiration, all the noonday bright-ness of human genius are destined to extinction in the vast death of the ... by the expansion. Note that the same effect would occur if the universe contracted again, just as the instroke of the piston serves to raise the entropy of the confined gas. So there is no thermodynamic...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: Chemical approaches to mapping the function of post-translational modifications ppt
... [11,12]. The study of these events istaxing, as the biosynthesis of glycoproteins is not tem-plate driven. This results in the formation of so-called‘glycoforms’ [11,12], proteins with the same ... 1957catalyze enhanced hydrolytic degradation of the targetprotein.More recently, the glycoMTS method has allowed the synthesis of the first examples of a homogeneousprotein bearing symmetrically ... scaf-fold. These terms reflect not only the linearity orconvergence of the chemical steps that may lead to agiven synthetic protein, but also the structural strategythat links the (linear) segments of...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "On the Computational Complexity of Dominance Links in Grammatical Formalisms" doc
... the control wordp1p2· · · ppis a permutation of a member of W∗and the dominance relations of W hold in the as-sociated derivation tree. The language L(G) of an UVG-dl G is the set of ... The length of a string w is noted|w|, and the number of occurrence of a symbol ain w is noted |w|a. A language is formalized as asubset of Σ∗. Let Nndenote the set of vectors of positive ... with the same number of a,b, and c’s (see Figure 2 for an example derivation):Lmix= {w ∈ {a, b, c}∗| |w|a= |w|b= |w|c} . The size |G| of a MLIG G is essentially the sum of the sizes of...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "THE COMPUTATIONAL COMPLEXITY OF AVOIDING CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES" pdf
... inform the hearer of the relevant properties of the shirt, assum- ing the hearer has some domain knowledge about T- shirts. However, if the hearer has this domain knowledge, the use of utterance ... the number of members of Target-Components that rule out at least one member of Excluded. The straight- forward full-brevity algorithm will then need to examine the following number of ... If the attribute values and classifications used in the description are members of a taxonomy, then they can be realized at different levels of specificity. For example, the object in the...
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Báo cáo khoa học: Regulation of translational efficiency by different splice variants of the Disc large 1 oncosuppressor 5¢-UTR potx
... by the total amount of mRNA but also by the propor-tions of the different 5¢-UTRs within these messages,allowing the fine tuning of DLG1 expression accordingto the physiological requirements of ... translational efficiency of the messagesTo address the functional impact of these UTRs on the DLG1 mRNA transcripts, and their influence on the efficiency of translation of the subsequent ORF,we cloned ... cancers of epithelial origin and is the target of oncogenic HPV,we were first interested in investigating the initiation of DLG1 transcription in epithelial cells [15,16]. The results of RACE...
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THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY potx
... Smith the idea that the division of labor is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter-pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows us to access a quantity of knowledge ... a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari-ance that the equation explains as a whole. The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the growth ... Since we only have data for the GCI rankings, and not the underlying value of the index, we do the analysis using the rankings of the Economic Complexity Index instead of its value. This allows...
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THE ATLAS OF ECONOMIC COMPLEXITY MAPPING PATHS TO PROSPERITY doc
... Smith the idea that the division of labor is the secret of the wealth of nations. In a modern reinter-pretation of this idea, the division of labor is what allows us to access a quantity of knowledge ... a third of the explained fraction of the 43.4 percent of the vari-ance that the equation explains as a whole. The estimates of the second column of Table 3.1.1 are used to forecast the growth ... equations where the dependent variable is the level of income per capita and the independent variables are the years of schooling of the labor force, the Hanushek and Woessmann measure of cognitive...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Smart Paradigms and the Predictability and Complexity of Inflectional Morphology" docx
... learn the repetitive details of a finiteautomaton.We define the code complexity as the size of the abstract syntax tree of the source code. Thissize is given as the number of nodes in the syntaxtree; ... http://www.eecs.qmul.ac.uk/˜mpurver/software.htmlone third of the nouns of the lexicon were not in-cluded in the experiment because one of the formwas missing. The vast majority of the remaining15,000 nouns are very ... 3343 6885ers.Following the definitions of Section 3, we havecounted the the complexity of the smart paradigmdefinitions for nouns and verbs in the differentlanguages in the GF Resource Grammar...
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- the complexity of recognition
- the complexity of phrase alignment problems
- on the computational complexity of qualitative coalitional games
- on the computational complexity of clustering and related problems
- on the computational complexity of weighted voting games
- on the computational complexity of matrix semigroup problems
- on the computational complexity of coin flipping
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