tempering polymorphism and fat crystallization during industrial chocolate manufacture regimes behaviours and their effects on finished chocolate quality

new topics in food engineering (food science and technology)

Ngày tải lên : 02/04/2014, 15:05

... Chapter TEMPERING, POLYMORPHISM AND FAT CRYSTALLIZATION DURING INDUSTRIAL CHOCOLATE MANUFACTURE: REGIMES, BEHAVIOURS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON FINISHED CHOCOLATE QUALITY Emmanuel Ohene Afoakwa1* and Alistair ... polymorphic behaviours and pre -crystallization regimes during chocolate tempering, and their effects on the microstructure and melting properties of fat systems during industrial chocolate manufacture ... process design and assurances in quality of products Tempering, Polymorphism and Fat Crystallization … 17 TEMPERING PROCESSES DURING INDUSTRIAL CHOCOLATE MANUFACTURE Chocolate was hand-tempered...

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Intro to differential geometry and general relativity s waner

Ngày tải lên : 17/03/2014, 14:28

... and W, and every scalar (In the language of linear algebra, this says that F is a linear transformation.) Proposition 4.7 (Covariant Fields are One-Form Fields) There is a one-to-one correspondence ... fields on M (or U) and 1forms on M (or U) Thus, we can think of covariant tangent fields as nothing more than 1forms Proof Here is the one-to-one correspondence Let F be the family of 1-forms on ... again contravariant (or covariant) fields (Exercise Set 4) For contravariant fields, these operations coincide with addition and scalar multiplication as we defined them before These operations...

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Báo cáo hóa học: "Research Article Bessel’s Differential Equation and Its Hyers-Ulam Stability" docx

Ngày tải lên : 22/06/2014, 11:20

... Mathematics Section, College of Science and Technology, Hong-Ik University, Chochiwon 339-701, South Korea Email address: bkim@hongik.ac.kr Soon-Mo Jung: Mathematics Section, College of Science and Technology, ... Functional Equations in Mathematical Analysis, Hadronic Press, Palm Harbor, Fla, USA, 2001 [7] J Sikorska, “Generalized orthogonal stability of some functional equations,” Journal of Inequalities and ... Applications, vol 2006, Article ID 12404, 23 pages, 2006 8 Journal of Inequalities and Applications [8] E Liz and M Pituk, “Exponential stability in a scalar functional differential equation,” Journal...

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Intro to Differential Geometry and General Relativity - S. Warner Episode 4 ppsx

Ngày tải lên : 12/08/2014, 16:20

... again contravariant (or covariant) fields (Exercise Set 4) For contravariant fields, these operations coincide with addition and scalar multiplication as we defined them before These operations ... presently Definition 4.9 If V and W are contravariant (or covariant) vector fields on M, and if å is a real number, we can define new fields V+W and åV by (V + W)i = Vi + Wi and (åV)i = åVi It is easily ... system Give and example of a contravariant vector field that is not covariant Justify your claim Verify the following claim If V and W are contravariant (or covariant) vector fields on M, and if å...

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1. Kỹ Thuật - Công Nghệ
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Intro to Differential Geometry and General Relativity - S. Warner Episode 5 pdf

Ngày tải lên : 12/08/2014, 16:20

... contraction product of a type (0, 2) tensor with a type (2, 0) tensor, is a scalar Proposition 6.5 (Paramaterization by Arc Length) Let C be a non-null path xi = xi(t) in M Fix a point t = a on ... path, and define a new function s (arc length) by s(t) = L(a, t) = length of path from t = a to t Then s is an invertible function of t, and, using s as a parameter, ||dxi/ds||2 is constant, and ... at p, and let x be as hypothesized in (b) We proceed by invoking condition (a) of Definition 7.2 for several paths (These paths will correspond to sending out light rays in various directions.)...

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Intro to Differential Geometry and General Relativity - S. Warner Episode 6 pdf

Ngày tải lên : 12/08/2014, 16:20

... moving in the x-direction with velocity v By comparing the time it takes between a tick and a tock for a stationary observer and one on the train, obtain the time contraction formula (∆t– in terms ... catches to this approach: one geometric and one algebraic Geometric Look, for example, at the filed on either torus in the above figure Since it is circulating and hence non-constant, dX/dt ≠ 0, which ... there a notion of a parallel field on a manifold? For instance, in En, there is an obvious notion: just take a fixed vector v and translate it around On the torus, there are good candidates for...

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Intro to Differential Geometry and General Relativity - S. Warner Episode 7 pptx

Ngày tải lên : 12/08/2014, 16:20

... atlas, and oriented if it is equipped with one Notes Reversing the direction of any one of the axes reverses the orientation It follows that every orientable manifold has two orientations; one corresponding ... a scalar field? (b) Give a definition of the “contravariant” derivative, Xa|b of Xa with respect to xb, and show that Xa|b = if and only if Xa|b = Geodesics and Local Inertial Frames Let us now ... change-of-coordinates from one oriented inertial frame to another, then det(D) = +1 E3 has two orientations: one given by any left-handed system, and the other given by any right-handed system In the...

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Intro to Differential Geometry and General Relativity - S. Warner Episode 8 ppsx

Ngày tải lên : 12/08/2014, 16:20

... that, in this frame, A…B…C has only one nonzero coordinate: the first (b) Show that, if we consider A, B and C as 3-vectors a , b and c respectively by ignoring their first (zero) coordinate, ... Christoffel symbols ih as ¶i h     If Xj is parallel along C, which has parametrization with domain [a, b] and corresponding points å and ∫ on M, then, since j h dx dX j = -¶i h Xi dt dt ……… (I) ... it gives Xj as a function of the parameter t, and not necessarily as a well-defined function of position on M In other words, the parallel transport of X at p é M depends on the path to p (See...

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Intro to Differential Geometry and General Relativity - S. Warner Episode 10 docx

Ngày tải lên : 12/08/2014, 16:20

... Ô.T is the contravariant vector given by (Ô.T)j = Tjk|k 98 This law combines both energy conservation and momentum conservation into a single elegant law Exercise Set 12 If a, b, and c are any ... describes T as a function which converts the covariant vector dV into a contravariant P field (P ), and thus suggests a type (2, 0) tensor To get an honest tensor, we must define T V on arbitrary covariant ... definition are their physical magnitudes as measured in a MCRF 97 Conservation Laws Let us now go back to the general formulation of T (not necessarily in a perfect fluid), work in an MCRF, and calculate...

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Intro to Differential Geometry and General Relativity - S. Warner Episode 11 ppt

Ngày tải lên : 12/08/2014, 16:20

... coordinates is a function of r and t only In other words, at any fixed time t, the surfaces ø = const, ˙ = const and r = const are all orthogonal (This causes the zeros to be in the positions shown.) † ... we can duplicate, to a good approximation, the physical effects of Newton-like gravitational force from a simple distortion of the metric In other words and this is what Einstein realized—gravity ... along the curve In other words, the property of being timelike does not depend on the choice of paramaterization What is wrong with the following (slickly worded) argument based on the Strong...

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Intro to Differential Geometry and General Relativity - S. Warner Episode 12 pps

Ngày tải lên : 12/08/2014, 16:20

... fact get no additional information from the (2,2) and (3,3) components, so we ignore them Consequences of the Field Equations: Outside the Star Outside the star we take p = ® ‡ 0, and m(r) = M, the ... to the last formula in Section 10, and obtain Newton's Law of Gravity To how many kilograms does one unit of M correspond? 15 The Schwarzschild Metric and Event Horizons We saw that the metric ... distinct regions, defined by r > 2M and r < 2M, separated by the event horizon, r = 2M, where the metric goes infinite 114 rs Gravitational Collapse Event Horizon (r = 2M) Event Horizon (r = 2M)...

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Intro to Differential Geometry and General Relativity - S. Warner Episode 13 pptx

Ngày tải lên : 12/08/2014, 16:20

... neutrons (and neutrinos which are nearly massless and noninteracting) A sufficiently dense star is unstable against such an interaction and all electrons and protons are converted to neutrons ... chargeless and nonluminous star: a neutron star You may be wondering: what holds the neutron star up? Neutrons are chargeless and the nuclear force between neutrons (and protons) is only attractive, ... the star will continue to collapse and its electrons will be pushed closer and closer to the nuclei At some point, a nuclear reaction begins to occur in which electrons 127 and protons combine to...

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1. Kỹ Thuật - Công Nghệ
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Bài giảng Chapter 17 Free Energy and Thermodynamics

Ngày tải lên : 28/11/2013, 01:12

... Thermodynamics and Spontaneity • thermodynamics predicts whether a process will proceed under the given conditions spontaneous process nonspontaneous processes require energy input to go • spontaneity ... in only one direction • a reversible process will proceed back and forth between the two end conditions  equilibrium  results in no change in free energy • if a process is spontaneous in one ... diamond, so the conversion of diamond into graphite is spontaneous – but don’t worry, it’s so slow that your ring won’t turn into pencil lead in your lifetime (or through many of your generations)...

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1. Giáo án - Bài giảng
2. Hóa học

Tài liệu Makingbiodiesel joshua tickell free energy biodiesel pptx

Ngày tải lên : 27/01/2014, 14:20

... stations, tractors, and agricultural equipment can all run on fuel from vegetable oil Pure vegetable oil, lard, and used cooking oil work just as well as diesel fuel Biodiesel The most conventional ... reaction is complete and the new products settle out, you have biodiesel fuel and glycerin soap The fuel is yellow to amber in color and flows like water The soap is brown in color and has the consistency ... the manufacturer’s directions and safety precautions when adding any electrical device to the system Be careful when heating vegetable oil in a plastic container Polyethylene cannot withstand...

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Integrating U.S. Climate, Energy, and Transportation Policies potx

Ngày tải lên : 06/03/2014, 21:20

... Market-Based Solutions Given that reductions are needed above and beyond what can be envisioned today, participants strongly preferred market-based mechanisms to conventional command -and- control approaches, ... emissions quite seriously and have implemented programs such as congestion pricing (London), bike promotion (Paris), and emissions pricing (Stockholm and Milan).13 Singapore integrates land use, ... June 2008 sponsored by Environment, Energy, and Economic Development Program and the Transportation, Space, and Technology Program, both within Rand Infrastructure, safety, and Environment Includes...

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2. Cao đẳng - Đại học

Partial Differential Equations and Fluid Mechanics doc

Ngày tải lên : 14/03/2014, 10:20

... component of the velocity on Γ0 satisfies u · n = on Γ0 , (1.12) and the tangential component of the velocity uη on Γ0 is unknown and satisfies the Tresca law with a constant and positive friction ... point) and a diffusionconvection equation for the concentration c If the fluid (reactant) that is being carried along and the carrier fluid (which is the fluid obtained by “homogenizing” the multi-constituent ... reactions) under consideration If we are interested in a fluid such as blood and use the equations developed here, we have to replace a host of chemical reactions by one “averaged” reaction and one...

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Báo cáo khoa học: Insight into the phosphodiesterase mechanism from combined QM ⁄ MM free energy simulations pot

Ngày tải lên : 14/03/2014, 23:20

... the congurations (z1, z2) corresponding to ()1.2, )1.0) b Average values over the congurations (z1, z2) corresponding to ()0.1, )0.8) c Average values over the congurations (z1, z2) corresponding ... residues (28 Asp and 22 Glu), one hydroxide anion, a negatively charged cAMP and two divalent metal cations We added 16 sodium and four chloride counterions to mimic the ionic strength and make the ... water molecules and 20 counterions Potential energy function We used a combined QM MM method [4249] to construct the potential energy function for the hydrolysis and protonation reactions of cAMP...

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Báo cáo "On the asymptotic behavior of delay differential equations and its relationship with C0 - semigoup " potx

Ngày tải lên : 22/03/2014, 11:20

... investigate an extention of the conditions for stable (see [12]) of solution of delay linear diffirential equation under nonlinear perturbation We recall that, the conditions (5), (6), (7) are ... Evolution Equations, Springer-Verlag, New York, Berlin, London, Paris, Tokyo, Hong kong, Barcelona, Heidelberg, Milan, Singapore, 2000 [11] A Pazy, Semigoup of linear operators and applications ... Svec, Itegral and asymptotic equivelence of two systems of diffrential equations, Equadiff Proceedings of the fifth Czechoslovak confrece on diffirential equations and Their Application held in...

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Alice’s Adventures in WonderlandBy Lewis Caroll (1865)Download free eBooks of classic literature, books and novels at Planet eBook. Subscribe to our free eBooks blog and email newsletter..All in the Golden AfternoonAll in the golden afternoon Full ppt

Ngày tải lên : 24/03/2014, 00:20

... there’s hardly room for you, and no room at all for any lesson-books!’ And so she went on, taking first one side and then the other, and making quite a conversation of it altogether; but after ... of Wonderland: Thus slowly, one by one, Its quaint events were hammered out— And now the tale is done, And home we steer, a merry crew, Beneath the setting sun Alice! a childish story take, And ... Mabel! I’ll try and say ‘How doth the little—‘ and she crossed her hands on her lap as if she were saying lessons, and began to repeat it, but her voice sounded hoarse and strange, and the words...

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3. Khoa học xã hội

introduction to differential geometry and general relativity

Ngày tải lên : 27/03/2014, 11:52

... TABLE OF CONTENTS Preliminaries: Distance, Open Sets, Parametric Surfaces and Smooth Functions Smooth Manifolds and Scalar Fields Tangent Vectors and the Tangent Space Contravariant and Covariant ... and W, and every scalar (In the language of linear algebra, this says that F is a linear transformation.) Proposition 4.7 (Covariant Fields are One-Form Fields) There is a one-to-one correspondence ... fields on M (or U) and 1forms on M (or U) Thus, we can think of covariant tangent fields as nothing more than 1forms Proof Here is the one-to-one correspondence Let F be the family of 1-forms on...

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