... EFFORT AND EXPENSE HAVE GONE INTO THE
DEVELOPMENT AND DOCUMENTATION OF SAP2000. THE PROGRAM HAS
BEEN THOROUGHLY TESTED AND USED. IN USING THE PROGRAM,
HOWEVER, THE USER ACCEPTS AND UNDERSTANDS ...
1 - 2 Overview of the Program
1
Overview of the Program
SAP2000 is a stand-alone finite-element-based structural program for the
analysis and design of civil structures. It offers an intuitive, ... spans
60 feet, and has a width and height of 12 feet each. The supports are roll-
ers at one end, and pins at the other.
The trusses and cross members are to be constructed of 2L4X4’s, while...
... Dimensions and tolerances – merge, selection, and snap
tolerances; font sizes; zoom increment; and others
Design codes and their parameters
Colors of objects and results for display and printing ... i.e., as data organized in a set of
tables with specified table names and column headings. These data
include the definition of the model and the results of analysis and design.
Tabular data can ...
objects and elements.
Groups
A group is a named collection of objects. It may contain any number of
objects of any number of types. Groups have many uses, including:
Quick selection of objects...
... easily
extended to systems in a larger
number
of
unknowns.
The
solution
of
any
system oflinear inequalities is in
the
long
run
reduced to
the
solution
of a number
of
systems
of
linear equations.
We ... of a System in
Three
Unknowns
44
7 Systems of
Linear
Inequalities in Any
Number
of
Unknowns
52
8.
The
Solution
of a System of
Linear
Inequalities
'by
Successive
Reduction of
the
Number
of
Unknowns
57
9.
Incompatible
Systems ... Visualization ofSystems of
Linear
Inequalities In
Two
or
Three
" .
Unknowns
17
I -
3.
The
Convex
Hull of a System of
Points
22
4. A Convex
Polyhedral
Cone
25
5.
The
Feasible
Region of a System of
Linear
Inequalities...
... an offshoot of the investigation of the corresponding
questions for nonlinear waves. The nonlinear problems required a more
powerful approach altogether, and eventually the possibility of using ... in gas dynamics led
to most of the fundamental ideas in nonlinear hyperbolic waves. The most
outstanding new phenomenon of the nonlinear theory is the appearance of
shock waves, which are abrupt ... in pressure, density, and velocity: the
blast waves of explosions and the sonic booms of high speed aircraft. But
the whole intricate machinery ofnonlinear hyperbolic equations had to be
developed...
... Equations
10 S. Bodine and D. A. Lutz, “Asymptotic solutions and error estimates for linearsystemsof difference
and differential equations, ” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. ... 343–
362, 2004.
11 S. Bodine and D. A. Lutz, “On asymptotic equivalence of perturbed linearsystemsof differential and
difference equations, ” Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, vol. ... rates for solutions oflinear
systems of Volterra difference equations, ” Journal of Difference Equationsand Applications, vol. 12, no. 12,
pp. 1257–1275, 2006.
21 Ch. G. Philos and I. K. Purnaras,...
... least one of the term of
period-two solution is negative which is impossible.
The proof of next result is similar to the proof of [2, Proposition 3.3] and it will be
omitted. This proof makes ... Poincar
´
e’s and Perron’s theorems for difference equations, JournalofDifference
Equations and Applications 8 (2002), no. 3, 201–216.
[15] C. Robinson, Dynamical Systems. Stability, Symbolic Dynamics, and ... competitive and cooperative difference equations, JournalofDifference Equa-
tions and Applications 3 (1998), no. 5-6, 335–357.
M. R. S. Kulenovi
´
c: Department of Mathematics, University of Rhode Island,...
... Research Center
and at GEC-Marconi Electronic Systems Corp. during the summers
of 1989 and 1996, and 1992, respectively. He has been a Consultant
of the industr y and he sits on the boards of several ... March 1999.
[7] I. Cox and M. L. Miller, “Review of watermarking and the
importance of perceptual modeling,” in Human Vision and
Electronic Imaging II, vol. 3016 of Proceedings of SPIE, pp. 92–
99, ... CTO of PixWave
Inc., Newark, NJ, between March 2000 and August 2002. His re-
search interests include sensor/ad hoc networks, cryptography, data
hiding, and data compression.
Linearand Nonlinear...
... above proof of the fundamental
theorem, has been based only on elementary properties ofsystemsof linear
equations. These results, however, have interesting interpretations in terms of the
26 ... number of variables x
i
exceeds the number of equality constraints.
Second, we usually assume that the rowsof Aare linearly independent, corresponding
to linear independence of the m equations. A linear ... elements
of linear algebra. Certain sections and developments do assume some knowledge
of more advanced concepts oflinear algebra, such as eigenvector analysis, or some
background in sets of real...
... PROPERTIES
OF LINEAR
PROGRAMS
2.1 INTRODUCTION
A linear program (LP) is an optimization problem in which the objective function
is linear in the unknowns and the constraints consist oflinear equalities ... analysis and on Newton’s methods which is frequently
used as the workhorse of interior point methods for both linearand nonlinear
programming. Finally, Part III now includes the global theory of necessary ... optimization structure—that character-
istic oflinearandnonlinear programming. Examples of situations leading to this
structure are sprinkled throughout the book, and these examples should help to
indicate...
... natural interpretation of (1) as a set of m equations.
If m<nand the equations are linearly independent, then there is not a unique
solution but a whole linear variety of solutions (see Appendix ... different
additional equationsof this special form.
If the equations (3) are linearly independent, we may replace a given equation
by any nonzero multiple of itself plus any linear combination of the other equations
in ... above proof of the fundamental
theorem, has been based only on elementary properties ofsystemsof linear
equations. These results, however, have interesting interpretations in terms of the
28...
... viewpoints of efficiency and numerical stability, however, this pivoting
procedure is not as effective as the method of Gaussian elimination for general
systems oflinearequations (see Appendix C), and ... the cost of carrots as compared with the cost of synthetic carrots. If
carrots are food j, then the unit cost of carrots is c
j
. The cost of a unit of synthetic
carrots is, on the other hand,
z
j
=
m
i=1
c
i
y
ij
... a problem of minimizing the total cost of N different linear
programs that are independent except for the first constraint, which is a linking
constraint of, say, dimension m.
Each of the subproblems...
... y
1
y
2
.
Initialization. Any vector (x, y) of the master problem must be of the form
x =
I
i=1
i
x
i
y =
J
j=1
j
y
j
where x
i
and y
j
are extreme points of the subsystems, and
J
i=1
i
=1
J
j=1
j
=1
i
... the use of Bland’s rule prohibits cycling. Suppose
that cycling occurs. During the cycle a finite number of columns enter and leave the
basis. Each of these columns enters at level zero, and the ... called the symmetric form of duality and, as
explained below, can be used to define the dual of any linear program. It is important
to note that the role of primal and dual can be reversed. Thus,...
... x
3
=0.
∗
4.7 REDUCTION OFLINEAR INEQUALITIES
Linear programming is in part the study oflinear inequalities, and each progressive
stage oflinear programming theory adds to our understanding of this important
fundamental ... availability and is fixed. The second
constraint is determined by the availability of cotton. The net profits of the products are
2, 3, and 3, respectively, exclusive of the cost of cotton and fixed ... amounts
of m limited resources. Each unit of product i yields a profit of c
i
dollars and uses a
ji
units of the jth resource. The available amount of the jth resource is b
j
. To maximize
profit...
... complexity bound and is often used in linear programming software
packages.
The algorithm is based on the construction of a homogeneous and self-dual
linear program related to (LP) and (LD) (see ... for linear programming is to use
nonlinear programming techniques of analysis and methodology. The analysis is
often based on differentiation of the functions defining the problem. Traditional
linear ... extended to provide new
approaches to nonlinear programming. This chapter is intended to show how
this merger oflinearandnonlinear programming produces elegant and effective
methods. These ideas...
... formed by two
distinct linear combinations of the original equations, it follows that the equations
in the original system are not independent. The right-hand sides of (5) and (6)
are equal by ... property of the transportation
problem: the triangularity of all bases. This property simplifies the process of
solution of a system ofequations whose coefficient matrix corresponds to a basis,
and ... i and a −1 entry in row j. It follows
that, since the sum of all rows is the zero vector, the matrix A has rank of at most
n−1, and any row of A can be dropped to obtain a coefficient matrix of...