... Organizational Behavior
and
Public Management: Second Edition, Revised
and
Expanded,
Michael
L.
Vasu, Debra
W.
Stewart,
and G.
David Garson
41.
Handbook
of
Comparative
and
Development ... Second Edition, Revised
and
Expanded,
edited
by
Stuart
S.
Nagel
54.
Handbook
of
Regulation
and
Administrative Law, edited
by
David
H.
Rosenbloom
and
Richard
D.
Schwartz
55.
Handbook
... and
budgeting under financial stress. Part
II
focuses
on
financial
management with
an
emphasis
on
accounting, auditing,
and
financial
reporting; financial
management practices;
and
...
... short-
term wealth instead of focusing on sustained performance and
enduring results.
STOCK OPTIONSAND CORPORATE CULTURE
When stockoptions particularly large amounts of them—
are offered to executives ... $600 million in stock options.
It is too simplistic to state that stockoptions caused the down-
fall of Enron, whose falsified financial books in a roaring bull mar-
ket helped the stock price rise ... pay and performance. Today and
in the future board members are the crucial players in the stock
options game and on the broader playing field of executive
compensation.
THE PROBLEM WITH OPTIONS
Executive...
... short-maturity options
and over-pricing of long-maturity options, and overpricing of deep OTM options and
underpricing deep ITM options. The pricing errors of long-term deep ITM options
are dramatically ... especially the long-term options. The mod-
els in general over-price medium- and long-term options, and under-price short-term
deep ITM and deep OTM options. For short-term options, our results are ... (1993),
Bates (1996a,b), and Bakshi, Cao and Chen (1997), and examples in discrete-time
include Taylor (1986), Amin and Ng (1993), Harvey, Ruiz and Shephard (1994),
and Kim, Shephard and Chib (1998)....
... businesses. There are dozens
of planning guides andplanning outlines,
books, audio tapes, computer programs and
online planning services. All of them have
things in common and all have differences.
(In ... Economic
Diversification and the Ministry of
Competition, Science and Enterprise. The
program offers specialists who can advise on
taxation, statistics and business planning as
well as a wide ... loans
outstanding and current operating
line of credit
ã Total all amounts from
Owners/Investors/Shareholders and
‘Lenders’ for total sources of
financing.
List uses of financing with amounts and totals.
These...
... and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on
Alternative Investment Fund Managers and amending Directives 2003/41/EC and
2009/ 65/EC and Regulations (EC) No 1060 /2009 and (EU) No 1095/2010
19
are financial ... stabilising
markets and (3) avoiding distortions on the internal market. The impact assessment analysed two
basic options: a financial transaction tax (FTT) and a financial activities tax (FAT), as ... accurately and
timely and to prevent evasion, avoidance and abuse.
In this context, Member States should use existing and forthcoming EU legislation on financial
markets that includes reporting and...
... Backdating of Executive StockOptions
The use of stockoptions in executives’ compensation packages has grown rapidly in
the past decade (Lee and Alam 2004). Stockoptions are intended to align ...
(e.g., Carey and Simnett 2006), industry expertise level (e.g., Jensen and Payne 2005), audit
tenure (e.g., Beck and Wu 2006; Ghosh and Moon 2005), and auditor’s reputation (e.g., Hay
and Davis ... understanding of previous audit andfinancial accounting
research from the perspective of Second-Tier audit firms. By examining Second-Tier audit
firms and their clients, a better understanding...
... of the stock, yet they are less expensive than a stock purchase.
3
Pricing and behaviour
Now that you understand the nature of calls and puts, you need to know
how they are priced and how ... 0.305 and
contains a time premium of 0.015.
The options most traded
are those at-the-money
or out-of-the-money
12 Part 1
Options fundamentals
The contract multiplier for GE, and most stock ... –2.42
20 Part 1
■
Options fundamentals
In graphic form, your expiration profit/loss would be as in Figure 2.2.
The multiplier for stockoptions at the Chicago Board Options Exchange
(CBOE)...
... say that these options, both the call and the
put, are pinned. This causes a problem for options on stocks andoptions
on futures contracts, but not for options on stock indexes and short-term ... potentially unlimited risk,
and short puts incur extreme risk.
Options on stock indexes
A stock index is a proxy for all the stocks that comprise it. Calls and puts
on a stock index are priced according ... the index,
and the amount of dividends contained in the index. The costs of carry
and dividends are added and discounted in the same manner as options
on individual stocks. These options are...
... potential sale of
the stock at 117, and a potential buy of the stock at 119. For this risk, you
collect a premium.
4
This spread is also known as the bear call spread and the short vertical ... the stock declines, a possible loss is cut
at the lower strike, or 111. You may think of this spread as a potential buy
of the stock at the higher strike, or 113, and a potential sale of the stock ... the put spreads. Refer to the table of Coca-Cola options above.
Coca-Cola at 52.67
August options, 100 days until expiration
Try to develop your options awareness by taking a few minutes to analyse...
... 1.
Another risk is that of early exercise with American-style options such
as the OEX, and most options on individual stocks in the US and UK. If
your short strike becomes deep in-the-money close ... therefore leaving your long options
unhedged. With a long call butterfly in stocks, you may be assigned an
unwanted short stock position, and with a long put butterfly in stocks,
you may be assigned ...
13
Butterflies and condors: combining call spreads and put spreads 141
There is an additional risk in that the deep in-the-money puts on stocks
and American-style stock indexes generally...
...
the same
202 Part 3
Thinking about options
Observing skews: stocks andstock indexes
Figure 20.2 shows a graph of the volatility skew for December options on
the OEX. Table 20.2 gives the ... in the stocks may
be seen as a put buying opportunity, and demand remains strong. This
can be nerve-racking for put sellers, and they feel like sitting ducks. Often
the market retraces and stabilises, ... for
understanding the behaviour of your options position if one of these situ-
ations arises.
Stocks up, calls practically unchanged or underperforming
Occasionally when a stock or stock index...
... non-essentials
Conversion and reversals on individual stocks
and on other stock indexes
The conversion and reversal markets on stocks operate in basically the
same manner. Remember that with stocks there ... futures contract were eliminated, and the options were exercisable
instead to cash, then the relationship would be the same as between stocks
and stock options.
The OEX options are traded in this ... American-style options on indi-
vidual stocks, i.e. most stock options.
Put–call parity can be a helpful way of pricing options, but its limitations
must be considered.
A call and a put at the
same strike...
... what options are and what they do. You also know how
to create spreads, and you have a basic understanding of volatility. Most
importantly, you have an understanding of risk. You understand ... more to be said about options in terms of theory
and in terms of trading. The Financial Times Guide to Options, and its pre-
cursor, Options Plain and Simple, are intended to be a practical guide ... are
the intrinsic and time values of the options?
3 Parity options contain approximately equal amounts of intrinsic and time
premiums. True or false?
4 Why do at-the-money options contain the...