sorption and microbial degradation in soil
Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 10 docx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 16:20
... often employed in drinking water treatment facilities Ozone and UV can be used as oxidants and disinfectants, but chlorine and chloramines are most often employed for final disinfection in the United ... Chlorine disinfectants, such as free chlorine and chloramines, are widely used in drinking water disinfection in the United States Free aqueous chlorine (HOCl/OCl–) can be formed by dissolving ... release via washing, bathing, or swimming; discharges from industrial manufacturing and clandestine drug laboratories, as well as illicit drug usage; leaching from defective landfills; and release...
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Cd in drinking water - Cd trong nước uống
Ngày tải lên :
15/03/2014, 23:22
... preparing foods and beverages It is also used for bathing or showering, and in washing, flushing toilets and other household uses resulting in potential dermal and inhalation exposures CADMIUM in ... endpoint for this LOAEL was tubular damage indicated by the appearance in the urine of small proteins (retinol-binding protein, N-acetyl-βglucosaminidase, and β2-microglobulin) as well as aminoacids ... cadmium in drinking water The study involved exposure of male and female rats to cadmium chloride in drinking water, from the beginning of gestation, through postnatal growth and maturation and one...
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DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DRINKING WATER BY LIQUID-SOLID EXTRACTION AND CAPILLARY COLUMN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY pdf
Ngày tải lên :
22/03/2014, 14:20
... placed in a sample container in the laboratory and treated as a sample in all respects, including shipment to the sampling site, exposure to sampling site conditions, storage, preservation, and ... the sample into the solvent reservoir The water sample will drain into the cartridge, and from the exit into the suction flask Maintain the packing material in the cartridge immersed in water at ... rules and land disposal restrictions The laboratory using this method has the respons-ibility to protect the air, water, and land by minimizing and controlling all releases from fume hoods and...
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drinking water treatment focusing on appropriate technology and sustainability
Ngày tải lên :
30/05/2014, 22:56
... up in glaciers and permanent snow cover leaving a scant 1% to supply the growing needs around the globe Demands of maturing economies, increasing population, industrialization, and increasing ... (e.g., those at Hardwar, India) were built manually by digging the soil and making the caisson and installing the gravel and cobble pack around the port openings Most Indian companies still use ... populations The infrastructure required to produce and support continuous desalination and purificationincluding power supply, pre-treatment, brine management, janitorial maintainability, repairs and modifications...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 1 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... a line of particle counting equipment from inception, including some of the circuit design and engineering Mr Broadwell provides independent consultation for particle counting technology and ... in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without prior permission in writing ... drinking water treatment as well as marketing consultation for process instrumentation He holds a degree in electrical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology Mr Broadwell maintains...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 2 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... who kept avoiding being fired by winning his union grievance hearings His manager was nonplussed, stating that, “He’s got to win every time I’ve only got to win once.” Cryptosporidium and Giardia ... for standard drinking water treatment It is therefore no surprise that particle counting technology has been so quickly embraced in the industry, in spite of the technological shortcomings B ... examined individually Many treatment plants maintain a pilot plant to test process changes before applying them to the larger plant In such cases, the pilot plant is designed to replicate the main...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 3 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... computer interfacing will have to be handled by someone with more specialized training Data handling and computer maintenance will be discussed in the sections of the book related to that subject Maintenance ... 3.3 d Determining the Best Approach There is no easy fix for maintaining optimal sample flow outside of intelligent application of some very basic principles and vigilant maintenance Adding expensive ... 1:46 PM INSTALLATION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE 35 Practical Considerations In most cases, less-than-ideal conditions exist for choosing tap locations and minimizing sample line lengths For instance,...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 4 pot
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... individual data points into context, and provide a sensible framework for interpreting unexpected changes in that data The importance of trend displays to understanding and using particle counters ... maximums and minimums, and for reporting purposes In most cases, numeric tables are not helpful for interpretation, and should not be emphasized as such Data Reporting Until particle counting is mandated ... the uncertainty and confusion surrounding particle counting would be eliminated if operators would work with trends and quit being overly concerned about individual count values, or inexact count...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 5 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... to particle counter grab sampling This training should include the following: a A good understanding of how particle counters work and how they are used in drinking water treatment © 2001 by ... 23, 2000 1:46 PM GRAB SAMPLING 71 b General laboratory sample-handling and testing skills c Particle counter sample collection and handling This involves a lot of “hands-on” work with the grab ... means little in isolation, and the operators will be more inclined to perform grab sampling carefully if they are helping to build upon something they can see and understand Preventing Entropy...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 6 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... power supply, and is induced by other devices The imperfections in the structure of the flow cell windows cause minute scattering and blurring of the laser light source The combination of all ... sticky subject in the particle counter industry It will be discussed in further detail in relation to calibration and other issues D COINCIDENCE Coincidence was discussed in Chapter in relation ... to which an instrument can distinguish between differences in the object of measurement In particle counting, resolution refers to the accuracy with which the sensor can distinguish and measure...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 7 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... increase the problems with reflections Stainless steel flow cells cannot be coated in this way, and thus require finer alignment to minimize reflections C SAMPLE FITTINGS A variety of sample fittings ... reflected back into the laser, it can disrupt this process, and cause variations in the beam intensity This is another reason that aluminum flow cells are anodized a dark color, as the shiny metallic ... measuring total light energy, it is not greatly affected by some diffusion in the exit window The entrance window is covered with an antireflective coating to keep the light energy from reflecting...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 8 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... being reduced at the standard flow rate C COUNTING ELECTRONICS Several types of counting electronics are found in the particle counter industry All of them serve the same end, which is to sort and ... switches Linear supplies can be less noisy, but are heavier and less efficient (meaning they draw more power and run hotter) Switching supplies also have the advantage of accepting a wider range of input ... in amplitude in proportion to the size of the particle The counting electronics then sorts these pulses and counts them according to size To achieve this, the counter must be able to discriminate...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 9 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... FEATURES 95 As outlined above, the number and location of the analog inputs should be sufficient for all required instruments, and convenient for installation A spare input can come in handy for future ... There are two goals in maintaining proper signal isolation The first is to protect the particle counter and receiving instrument(s) from damage The second is to prevent signal interference between ... auxiliary input wiring will need to be removed and reinstalled Signal Termination: Make sure the proper termination resistor is used Make sure the loop has sufficient voltage to drive the input D...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 10 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... driver interface both in terms of timing and overhead Some SCADA systems are designed to poll continuously for data This makes sense when monitoring analog inputs that are continuously varying signals ... distinction between the industry standard signal formats (RS-485 and RS-232) and the nonstandard protocols To make an analogy, the signal format could be compared to “speaking out loud” and the ... changed after an initial “trial” period in a new installation Adding the necessary commands for remote programming to the driver and SCADA software configuration may not be cost-effective In most a cases,...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 11 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... opposed to typing in text commands.) The earlier versions of Windows (3.1 and 3.11) are designed to process data in 16-bit words, and the more recent Windows 95/98/2000 versions and Windows NT systems ... remains a part of the Windows operating system The Windows operating systems provide a graphic user interface (GUI) as opposed to the text-based DOS (GUI allows tasks to be initiated by pointing ... encased in a protective plastic shell They are inexpensive, and can hold about 1.4 MB (million bytes) of data in the standard 3.5-inch format The increasing size of software applications and the...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 12 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... important as the willingness to learn and operate the particle counting system is the efficiency of the operations and maintenance staff Is the staff going to keep up the routine maintenance without ... opened for the sensor to be cleaned As cleaning involves removing and reconnecting the sample inlet tubing, the potential for problems is greatly increased It is not uncommon to find plants where ... the standpoint of mounting space Most filter galleries provide plenty of room to mount instruments The size of the enclosure is more important from the standpoint of access to wiring terminals,...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 13 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... easier to contaminate the cell windows The tubing may need to be replaced more often As was the case for the online units, cell cleaning involves removing and reinstalling sample tubing to the sensor, ... a handle Some sort of instrument case is used for mounting the components, as well as providing space for extra sample tubing and other accessories A primary consideration is that of keeping ... which increases the likelihood of leaks The pump, strainer, and battery are additional components that will require access for service and maintenance Counting Electronics The same types of counting...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 14 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... the sensors while operating online in the plant The second involves running a grab sampler as a calibrated standard Currently in development is a count and size standard solution that can be used ... counting and sizing accuracy A brief description of each method is outlined below Size Verification This test involves the introduction of PSL spheres in a similar manner to that discussed in Section ... particle counter (usually µm) and or 10 more sizes covering the full sizing range of the particle counter These standards are introduced into a “particle-free” solution and fed through the particle...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 15 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... currently marketing drinking water systems through US Filter in North America At the time of writing, the current manufacturers offering particle counting equipment in the drinking water industry are ... bid for it, and has continued to market it in the drinking water industry IBR has provided equipment related to particle counting for several years, and was a logical choice for taking over from ... presence of Hach and Chemtrac and somehow in ignorance of the virtually complete dominance that Hiac Royco and Met One maintained in the even more lucrative hydraulics market Somewhat reminiscent of...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 16 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... is available in two concentrations Higher concentration limits are obtained by shrinking the flow path dimensions from 400 µm × 400 µm to 150 µm × 1000 µm B CELL WINDOWS The Chemtrac and IBR sensors ... also uses barb fittings on the sensor, which is located inside the NEMA enclosure Short lengths of tubing are then run from the sensor inlet and outlet to nylon quick-disconnect fittings mounted on ... than those found in drinking water plants The same fittings are used on the older Met One sensors designed for the same purpose ARTI employs nylon twist-lock fittings for smooth internal flow passages...
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