... established within1 3
the Office of the Commissioner of the Food and Drug Ad-14
ministration an office to be known as the Office of Wom-15
en’s Health (referred to in this section as the ‘Office’).16
The ... adding at the end4
the following:5
‘‘SEC. 229. HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES OFFICE ON6
WOMEN’S HEALTH.7
‘‘(a) E
STABLISHMENT OF
O
FFICE
.—There is estab-8
lished withinthe Office of the Secretary ... C
OMPOSITION
. The Coordinating Com-13
mittee shall be composed of the Directors of the1 4
Centers and Offices.15
‘‘(3) C
HAIRPERSON
. The Director of the Of-16
fice shall serve as the chairperson of the...
... E
STABLISHMENT
. The Secretary shall estab-10
lish withinthe Office of the Administrator of the Health 11
Resources and Services Administration, an office to be 12
known as the Office of Women’s Health. The ... C
OMPOSITION
. The Coordinating Com-17
mittee shall be composed of the directors of the cen-18
ters of the Administration. 19
‘‘(3) C
HAIRPERSON
. The Director of the Of-20
fice shall serve as the Chairperson ... C
HAIRPERSON
.The Director of the Of-1
fice shall serve as the Chairperson of the Coordi-2
nating Committee. 3
‘‘(4) D
UTIES
.—With respect to women’s health, 4
the Coordinating Committee shall assist the...
... C
OMPOSITION
. The Coordinating Com-16
mittee shall be composed of the directors of the cen-17
ters of the Administration.18
‘‘(3) C
HAIRPERSON
. The Director of the Of-19
fice shall serve as the Chairperson ... under subsection (f), withinthe Office16
of the Administrator of the Health Resources and Services1 7
Administration, an office to be known as the Office of18
Women’s Health. The Office shall be ... Office on Women’s Health within
the Department of Health and Human Services,
and for other purposes.
19
ãHR 1784 EH
(A) identifying whether there is a need1
for further studies and, if so, developing...
... other issues have driven the quest for the optimal structure for
the post-trade industry. The launch of the European Monetary Union, par-
ticularly the introduction of the euro, has put European ... of
post-trade services in the US and Europe.
In the US, this debate has been raging for several decades. While Congress
put an end to further discussions about the securities and options post-trade
industry ... discussions on the most preferable struc-
ture of the US futures clearing industry – but have so far failed to reach con-
sensus. Notably, since the announcement of the merger of the two Chicago
futures...
... in
the case of derivatives, another underlying. There are two sides to every trade:
the buy position and the sell position.
5
Settlement refers to the fulfilment of the legal obligation. In the ... of important clearing services. Some of these
services are unique to the CCP structure in terms of their scope and nature;
they are therefore referred to as ‘unique’ CCP services. Although CCPs ... analysis of the
industry . . . so that the profession fully understands the processes and services
involved. We need new theoretical models that explore the specific economic
features of this industry. ...
... high. The greater the degree of value
chain integration, the more the clearing houses’ le vel of autonomy declines,
i.e. the higher the level of inter-organisational dependencies between the
partners.
108
Also, ... 149.
82 Clearing Services for Global Markets
The ‘first level’ of costs refers to those occurring on the first level of the
VPN, i.e. those borne by the producer of the service, the clearing house ... another important financial safeguard for
clearing houses. The index used to determine the value of the benchmark
portfolio again depends on the nature of the margin payments.
64
Generally,
the...
... higher their management position and
the greater their industry experience, the easier it was for them to provide a
well-informed answer. Secondly, the business focus of the clearer as well as
the ... their interest in the issues of clearing efficiency and
the future structure of the industry, but the same cannot be said about the
individuals representing low volume clearers contacted for the ... is
obvious that the higher the cleared volume, i.e. the higher the market share,
the more relevant becomes the volume-driven variable cost component and
the less relevant becomes the fixed cost...
... well as GCMs. Why this
is the case and what the impact could theoretically look like will be detailed
further in the remainder of the study.
5.3 Summary of findings
The purpose of Chapter 5 was ... Taking the trading fees into account changes the result
of the analysis, though – CME’s combined trading and clearing fee for index futures is the cheapest rate
offered. The same applies to the ... from the perspective of a clearing member
with agency focus, the costs pertain to producing theservices it provides to
its customers/NCMs. In the latter case, the costs of production form the...
... networks.
To summarise, the clearing servicesoffered by CCPs and GCMs are network
goods. The value-added of these services is impacted by the number of partic-
ipants in the networks. The following provides ... clearing
structure. Nonetheless, the netting services per formed by GCMs g ive rise to a
positive network effect: the netting effect.
The size effect on the GCM level basically follows the same logic as the
positive ... on the CCP’s product layer. The higher the number of
counterparties routing their transactions through a specific GCM network,
the higher the number of products for which clearing services are offered
is...
... among the world’s five premier clearing houses
(the CME, the OCC, ECAG, LCH.Clearnet and CCorp) and was the second
largest clearing house for futures in the US. From the end of 2003 to the end
of ... crucial for the success of clearing link initiatives
that the partnering CCPs endeavour to compensate for the lost intermediary
(GCM) level services by providing most of these services themselves. ... partnering clearing houses. Nonetheless, these dynamics ultimately shaped the benefits
and drawbacks of the clearing link; they thus play a crucial role for the analysis of the network initiative.
59
Refer...
... on the CCP level, even though these are not directly related
to the introduction of the GCL. These problems were instead rooted in
the competitive dynamics withinthe US exchange and clearing industry
at ... particularities of the GCL are analysed
324 Clearing Services for Global Markets
products, the EU Link offered them the opportunity to disintermediate
their European clearer. The issues constituting ... cent of the respondents shared their view of the GCL.
On the other hand, only 32 per cent of the interviewed market experts knew
enough about the GCL to issue an assessment. Surprisingly, the interviewees
who...
... 407 The future network economy – development of the clearing industry
INTRODUCING THE FUTURE NETWORK ECONOMY –
DEVELOPMENT OF THE CLEARING INDUSTRY
Future Development of the European
Clearing Industry
10.1
10
Determines ... in the governance of the clearing house
and can influence the rules of clearing. This is the only way for them
to circumvent the risk of disintermediation and the associated revenue
losses.
r
The ... otherwise, there is no way for them to influence the rules of
clearing to restrict the level of access to the CCP network. In the context of
clearing link initiatives, restricting access to the...
... interviewees
Disclaimer
The views expressed by research participants in interviews are their own and do not necessarily
represent the official stance of their organisation. The interviewees are not associated with the
final ... future network economy – development of the clearing industry
and define their respective market niches. Once they have done so, they can
continue to leverage their installed base and specific competitive ... clearers, the Single CCP
scenario can thus diminish the economic appeal of self-clearing.
11.1.9 Chapter 10 – Introducing the future network economy – development of the
clearing industry
The findings...