... which encodes the first two structural motifs, and hence the N-terminal domain ofthe protein, just as in the genes for cS and cA–F However, the second half ofthe gene has the structure of a b-crystallin ... mammalian evolution These changes illustrate the way in which gene families may expand, contract and adapt They may also help us understand the functions ofthe c-crystallin family in vision and elsewhere ... encoding the two motifs ofthe C-terminal domain The crygn gene is thus a hybrid of b and c crystallin gene structures, apparently an intermediate in theevolutionofthe c-crystallins from the b-crystallins...
... consequence ofthe physical laws of our universe andthe subatomic structure ofthe oxygen atom As we shall see in Chap 2, the existence of oxygen atoms is in turn a necessary result oftheevolutionof ... Thus, the higher the pH value, the lower the proton concentration and therefore the degree of dissociation of water This behavior of water depends strongly on the temperature, the higher the temperature ... the nucleus The number of protons in a nucleus gives its atomic number and its positive charge Add the number of neutrons and you have the atomic mass The nucleus ofthe most common isotope of...
... in nature These are often called white, brown, and pink noise, and all are defined by the relation between the frequency and power (proportional to the square ofthe amplitude) of their components ... videos, and most of what is called art film—is designed to suppress awareness ofthe presentational aspects ofthe film while promoting the narrative The units of film are the act, the sequence, the ... near the film’s end was analyzed as Shot The autocorrelation ofthe length of a Shot with itself (Lag 0) is always 1.0; autocorrelations ofthe length of Shot with the lengths of Shots (Lag 1) and...
... tF > tS, and if CFn are the net cash flows ofthe investment of new entrants, then the expected market value of new entrants will equal the sum of discounted value ofthe investment andthe net ... abandoned wholesale regulation (the case ofthe USA) and some others have shifted from light-handed regulation to heavy-handed regulation with mandatory unbundling ofthe local loop (the case of ... aspects ofthe ladder of investment theory and also refers to papers presenting empirically based analyses ofthe tenability ofthe theory Moreover, the chapter introduces the issue of intermodal...
... tF > tS, and if CFn are the net cash flows ofthe investment of new entrants, then the expected market value of new entrants will equal the sum of discounted value ofthe investment andthe net ... abandoned wholesale regulation (the case ofthe USA) and some others have shifted from light-handed regulation to heavy-handed regulation with mandatory unbundling ofthe local loop (the case of ... aspects ofthe ladder of investment theory and also refers to papers presenting empirically based analyses ofthe tenability ofthe theory Moreover, the chapter introduces the issue of intermodal...
... addressed the question of whether secreted proteins of parasitic nematodes show accelerated evolution, and our results indicate that this is the case The predominance of predicted secreted proteins ... taxa to the Strongylida are members ofthe Rhabditina, including C elegans, and both are grouped in Clade V ofthe Nematoda, on the basis of small subunit rRNA sequence analysis [48] The set of 742 ... at the 5' end of a proportion of their mRNA transcripts; a short leader sequence is added upstream ofthe initiation codon The leader is normally a 22-nucleotide sequence termed SL1 [51] The...
... TFs and putative, as yet uncharacterized regulators We analyzed the history of each ofthe global regulators, andof a sample of each ofthe other types of regulators (see Figure and Materials and ... two operons, andthe proximity of these regulators to their regulated genes suggests that HGT might be involved in theevolutionof these regulatory relationships [14] Furthermore, these neighbor ... which the relative age ofthe duplication andofthe regulation was unclear, and operon structure could not be used to clarify.) The other 6% to 9% of interactions arose by convergent evolution...
... and Ardipithecus ramidus Given the fragmentary state of these remains, andthe difficulties inherent in their comparison, there is much discussion as to the validity of their hominid status The ... operation, there is no way of determining which level of analysis is the most relevant to the study ofthe neural correlates of aesthetic preference Additionally, the evolutionary emergence of such ... that there is greater space filled by axons and dendrites This picture of a mosaic of primitive and derived aspects ofthe organization ofthe human orbitofrontal cortex was also the result of...
... indeed the ancestral host of Achryso- chroides Regarding the effect of taxa sampling on the reconstruction of reproductive strategies, although the biology of most species in other parts ofthe ... size and sex ratio The mapping indicates several changes in reproductive strategy with apparently parallel evolutionofthe unusual split sex broods (and of mixed sex broods) in the latreillii and ... trees ofthe order Fagales (oaks, birch, alder, etc.) and colonized plants ofthe order Fabales, Rosales and Sapindales once each (Fig 4) Mapping of plant growth form indicates that the ancestor of...
... the comments and suggestions ofthe participants ofthe workshop ‘Economic Theory andthe Practice of Consumption: Evolutionary and other Approaches’, organised by the University of Cassino and ... analysing the shape ofthe growth pattern ofthe quantity of cinema consumed and expenditure on cinema The time ofthe take-off will be estimated quantitatively (and its timing compared with the qualitative ... exact date to the emergence ofthe idea, or concept of cinema, but the first projection of moving images dates from the 1850s, andthe first patents on the viewing and projection of motion pictures...
... excluded that it was the c1 subunit but likely, as the c ring is rather stable, andthe use of Triton X100 should not lead to removal of c1 only The basic biochemical properties ofthe complete enzyme ... present Further discussion ofthe coupling efficiencies has to await the determination ofthe rotor subunit stoichiometry In summary, we have solved a longstanding problem, the purification ofthe Na+ ... membrane-embedded motor This is the starting point for a detailed analysis ofthe stucture and function ofthe rotor ofthe Na+ F1F0-ATP synthase from A woodii, the first containing V0- and F0-like c subunits...
... M1 and M2 in the N-domain, and motifs M3 and M4 in the C-domain In both the c-monomer andthe b subunit, the four motifs andthe two domains are organized symmetrically, with local intermotif and ... research groups in their investigations on the structural determinants andtheevolutionofthe b-type and c-type crystallins [7,25,44–51] The burying ofthe hydrophobic patches at the interdomain ... suggested by the interdomain hydrophobic interactions observed between the C-terminal extensions ofthe b-C-domain andthe surface ofthe N-domain from the partner subunit [20], and by the peculiar...
... exchanges The regression ofthe sea from the Greek mainland andthe Aegean landmass at the end ofthe Burdigalian prevented marine connections with the Paratethys in the area ofthe Dardanelles The ... ecosystems, the shallow marine realm andthe deep sea A Wrst set of contributions dealt with the palaeogeographic evolutionofthe Tethys area andthe eVects of changes in the extent ofthe Tethys ... climates andthe application of climate modelling, the reconstruction of past geographical events, andthe eVects they had on European environments andthe plants and animals living in them Together,...
... framework of species change and demonstrate the intimacy of nature and crop evolution In the second half ofthe book, I focus on when and where crops were domesticated andthe types of changes ... sequences on the DNA (Fig 1.14) The polymerase enzyme then synthesizes the DNA strand next to the primers The solution is then heated and cooled in numerous cycles, andthe DNA is amplified over and over ... is the frequency of one allele (A) in a population and q the frequency of another (a), then p + q = when there are no other alleles The equilibrium frequencies ofthe genotypes are given by the...
... antelope, the wing ofthe eagle, the shape ofthe orchid, the diversity of species, and all the other occasions for wonder in the world of nature It is hard to believe that something as mindless and ... Darwin, ahead of Newton and Einstein and everyone else In a single stroke, the idea ofevolution by natural selection unifies the realm of life, meaning, and purpose with the realm of space and time, ... complications The development ofthe science of geology andthe discovery of fossils of manifestly extinct species gave the taxonomists further curiosities to confound them, but these curiosities...
... ofthe challenges of survival, and in that and other ways the living world continually replays the general principles ofevolution We find regularities, and these have led to a formal theory of ... support the modern theory So what is this phenomenon called evolution, ” and how is it that this one phenomenon can explain the diversity of life? THE PHENOMENON OFEVOLUTIONThe theory ofevolution ... history of evolution, and in that sense the nature of a cell or organism is dependent on its history as “written” in the genome (and in the nature ofthe environment around it, also the product of evolution) ...
... leave the same number of offspring as each other, andthe offspring deviate from their parents in exactly the way they in the actual world So the total change would equal the simple average ofthe ... property ofthe ith entity; z is then the variance ofthe character, and z the change in the variance, so Price’s equation applies as usual If z is suitably defined, theevolutionof higher moments of ... objection to the generality ofthe Dawkins–Hull framework, namely that it characterizes the evolutionary process in terms of features that are themselves the product ofevolutionThe longevity and copying...
... behalf ofthe UN The Council also has a role, with the General Assembly, in the admission of new members to the UN, the appointment ofthe Secretary-General, andthe election of judges to the International ... after the diYculties and failures of international action in Somalia, the former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda.20 Despite the setbacks ofthe 1990s, the view ofthe UN Security Council as the core of a ... institutions andthe UN and is series editor ofthe Annual Review of Global Peace Operations, and Consulting Professor at Stanford University Previously, he was Senior Advisor in the Office ofthe Secretary-General,...
... from the middle part to the end part of Se/Te NW All these observations clearly imply that the growth ofthe Se/Te NWs may be initiated from the middle part ofthe Se/Te NWs Shown in Fig 4c and ... parts of single Se–Te NW The Te content in the middle ofthe NWs is about 85.7%, the value of which is much higher than that of Se content (14.3%) The Te content decreases rapidly from the middle ... part to the end part In the end part of a straight Se/Te NW, the value of Te content is 32.2 and 35.5%, respectively On the other hand, Se content increased from 14.3 to 63.1% (67.8% in another...