reasons for variation in solar radiation reaching the earth
Achieving Effective Social Protection For All In Latin America And The Caribbean - From Right To Reality doc
... additional informality will depend on the relative productivityof the formal and informal sectors. If productivity (and, therefore, wages) in the formal sector are much higher than those in the informal ... that theydo not incentivize informality in the labor market.ã Strengthening active labor market programs (ALMPs), to improve the relevance of training programs, and increase the efficiency of the ... pensionguarantee in Brazil and the minimum pension in Chile (before the 2008 reform) illustrate this point. In each case, the amount of subsidydepends (inversely) on the value of the contributory...
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Financing energy efficiency and climate change migration a guide for investors in belarus, bulgaria, kazakhstan, the russian federation, and ukraine new york geneva, 2005
... privatization. 1.35 Investment climate The Law on Foreign Investment adopted in 2001 sets the principal guidelines regulating foreign investment activity in Kazakhstan. It provides foreign investors ... holding investment back is the lack of certainty for the investor in receiving its returns. The lack of certainty is caused by the western view that political instability exists and by the ... on the part of the local authorities. The law contains no explicit discriminatory provisions against foreign investors. On the contrary, they are entitled to certain benefits. In 2002 the...
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báo cáo hóa học:" Development of a patient reported outcome measure for fatigue in Motor Neurone Disease: The Neurological Fatigue Index (NFI-MND)." pot
... Implications for practice and research The summary scale for the MND-NFI is suitable for use in both a clinical and research settings. Given fit to the Rasch model, the raw score is sufficient for identifying ... functioning is used to examine contextual factors for invariance, preventing such factors being a source of confounding effect in the phenomenon being measured. Item Category Thresholds The Rasch ... complete. The thirteen items of the MND-NFI are now more suitable for clinic administration and further work may usefully examine the validity of the MND-NFI for clinician administration, as well as...
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báo cáo hóa học:" Determinants of agreement between self-reported and parent-assessed quality of life for children in Germany - Results of the German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS)" pptx
... questionnaire together then there is a lower change of underestimating the quality of life in the sectors ‘Self-esteem’, ‘Friends’ and in the ‘Total’ score than if the mother answers the questions ... pairs, because only for the 11- 17 years olds, the KINDL-R questionnaire is presented in parallel for self-reporting and proxy assessment. The KINDL-R KiGGS included the KINDL-R questionnaire ... coefficients for the KINDLR in this study and also in the study by Jozefiak et al. [8] were higher than for the PedsQL [9], and they are comparable with the values of KIDSCREEN [15] or TACQOL [7] for...
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The reasons for your study of English and the waysyou have been learning it doc
... learning it with great zeal and avidity. The reasons for your study of English and the ways you have been learning it The reasons for your study of English and the ways you have been learning ... during the period of founding the nation and defending it against foreign invaders if I am not able to obtain any knowledge, any words on this domain? After French, English is a living ... it up in the “Every man’s English Pronouncing Dictionary” by Daniel Jones, a very precious dictionary for English beginners. Being aware of the preeminence of the English language in every...
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Báo cáo khoa học: "Veterinary decision making in relation to metritis - a qualitative approach to understand the background for variation and bias in veterinary medical records"
... on the subjects and the observed [9]. However, we acknowledge the risk of influ-ential interaction between the interviewer and the inter-viewed during the interviews that could influence the statements ... primarily followed their owndefinitions of different scoring values, such as excludingcertain scores (see examples in table 1). They find the def-initions incorrect. If the veterinarian strictly ... observations and the indi-vidual veterinarians' perceptions expressed in their localcontext. Our basis for the model is thus the empirical dataand not an initiating general theory or hypothesis....
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The global dimension of water governance: Nine reasons for global arrangements in order to cope with local water problems potx
... also refers to the use of water for rice production in Thailand (insofar as the rice is exported to the Netherlands for consumption there). The water footprints of people are increasingly externalised ... of the global economy would obviously require international coordination. 2.3. Multinationals in water supply The past decade has shown a growing presence of multinationals in the drinking ... enlarges their water footprint. The average meat consumption in the United States for instance is 120 kg/yr, more than three times the world average. The water used to produce the feed for the animals...
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báo cáo hóa học:" Increases in solar conversion efficiencies of the ZrO2 nanofiber-doped TiO2 photoelectrode for dye-sensitized solar cells" pot
... TiO2 film had the best dye loading, and also, its solar conversion efficiency was the best among the samples. In order to determine the factors that influence the stability of the DSSCs, electrochemical ... Ω/cm2, Pilkington conductive glass, Seoul, South Korea) by squeeze printing. The coated photoelectrode was heat treated at 450°C for 30 min with a heating rate of 5°C/min. The obtained photoelectrode ... Solaronix) was coated onto the FTO glass by the squeeze printing method. The coated paste was heat treated at 450°C for 30 min with a heating rate of 5°C/min. The electrolyte solution consisted...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 1 pot
... concentration in the unit volume of the air . Contents1 SolarRadiationintheAtmosphere 11.1 Characteristics of the Radiation Field in the Atmosphere 11.2 Interaction of the Radiation and the Atmosphere ... LeipzigPrinting: Mercedes-Druck, BerlinBinding: Stein +Lehmann, BerlinPrinted on acid-free paper 32/3141/as 5 4 3 2 1 0 2 Solar Radiation in the AtmosphereFig. 1.1.Tothe definitionof theintensityand ... ways to minimizing the errors have beenscrutinized. The methods of the data processing for o btaining the characteris-tics of s olar radiation in the energetic units are elucidated. The examples...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 2 ppsx
... are taking intoaccount that the enhancing of emitted energy within the elementary volumecould occur also owing to the scattering of external radiation coming to the 28 Solar Radiation in the ... transfer (1.33) in conformity with shortwavesolarradiationintheEarthatmosphere. Within the shortwave spectral range we o m it the heat atmospheric radiation against the solaroneandseemtohavetherelationε ... and substituting it to the formula of the link between the fluxand intensity (1.5) it is possible to obtain Beer’s Law for the solar irradianceincoming to the horizontal surface at the level z:Fd(z)...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 3 doc
... mainpartofthesolardownwellingirradianceinaclearsky.Thepitchinfluenceon the accounting of direct radiation in the measured irradiance was obviouslyowing to the deviation of the angle of the solar ... carrying out usingthelightconductor.Thecalibrationresultwastheratioofthecalculatedlampenergy (incoming to the instrument input slit) to the output signal of the in- strument. This ratio was the ... flightconditions in uence the measurement results too. Certainly, the accuracy of the instrument on board was increasingly worse than the accuracy of the sameinstrument in the laboratory. The deviation of the...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 4 potx
... irradiance: solar radiation decreases owing to the radiation extinction in the atmosphere. For the upwelling irradiancethis effect pointstothe predominanceofscatteringprocesses over absorption processes in the ... above the Kara-KumDesert, the points show the altitudes of the measurements variation of the solar zenith angle during the detailed descent for obtaining the altitudinal dependence of the irradiance ... to link with non-ideal weather conditions togetherwith the errors during the registrations. The spectral region is excluded from the further processing when there arelessinformativepointsinit.Thus,Fig.3.9demonstratesasoundingofhighquality....
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 5 pptx
... in, cloud cover.” The linear dependence of the cloudradiative forcing upon the cosine of the solar zenith angle in the Arctic hasbeen revealed in the study by Minnet (1999). The impact of the ... during the 10-minute period. The transmitted radiance for different azimuth angles and for the one viewing angle varying in the range of the measurement error was averaged in the data processing.During ... existenceof the uniform limit (converging to the solution) in the con tinuous functionspace. In the case of the analytical solution, its analysis for the continuity is notcomplicated. Further, the...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 6 pdf
... Assume for brevity the linear case of the formulas and then automatically apply the obtained results to the algorithmrecommended for the nonlinear inverse problems. The method of the incorrect inverse ... matrix of the irradiance uncertainties obtained at the second stage of the processing of the sounding results in Sect. 3.3. The uncertainties of the retrieved parameters,while solving the inverse ... obstacle in the interpretation of the satellite observations of the diffused solar radiance. In addition to the listed problems, there is a general difficulty for the inverseproblems solving – the...
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Short-Wave Solar Radiation in the Earth’s Atmosphere Part 7 pptx
... A). In the case of using the solar irradiance observations, value Acould be inferred by dividing the upwelling irradiance by t he downwelling oneat the bottom of the cloud. In the case of the ... characterized with the same properties, as the form ulas for the irradiances are. The expressions proposed here, constitute the set of formulas for solving the inverse problem in the case of radiation ... mention the main points of deriving the formulas defining pa-rameters s2and τfrom the irradiances observations within the cloud. The cloud sublayer adjusting the cloud top is described by the...
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