plant uptake of pharmaceuticals from soil determined by elisa
Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems - Chapter 10 docx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 16:20
... 2008 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC 220 Fate of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment and in Water Treatment Systems 10.3.1 PRETREATMENT The potential for the removal of PhACs from drinking water by ... effluent from domestic sewage treatment plants discharged to surface waters; overflow of untreated sewage from storm events and system failures directly to surface waters; transfer of sewage ... from water.18,19 However, a major disadvantage of using any of these filtration processes is that the removal of PhACs is accompanied by production of a rejection concentrate that will be much...
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Cd in drinking water - Cd trong nước uống
Ngày tải lên :
15/03/2014, 23:22
... million people (CDHS, 1986) Soil Soil can become contaminated with cadmium from land disposal of cadmium wastes, from spreading of sewage sludge, and from the use of phosphate fertilizers (ATSDR, ... thank the U.S EPA (Office of Water; Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; National Center for Environmental Assessment) and the faculty members of the University of California with ... body retention of cadmium determined between seven and fourteen days after the disappearance of the chromium marker from the body was 4.6% with a standard deviation of 4%, and a range of 0.7% to...
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DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN DRINKING WATER BY LIQUID-SOLID EXTRACTION AND CAPILLARY COLUMN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY/MASS SPECTROMETRY pdf
Ngày tải lên :
22/03/2014, 14:20
... compounds are eluted from the LSE cartridge or disk with small quantities of ethyl acetate followed by methylene chloride, and this extract is concentrated further by evaporation of some of the solvent ... acetone at a concentration of 500 µg/mL of each This solution is used in the preparation of the calibration solutions Dilute a portion of this solution by 10 to a concentration of 50 µg/mL and use this ... the method detection limit of the compound of interest Prepare reagent water by passing tap water through a filter bed containing about 0.5 kg of activated carbon or by using a water purification...
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drinking water treatment focusing on appropriate technology and sustainability
Ngày tải lên :
30/05/2014, 22:56
... direct input from animals or open sewage sources as well as leakage or poor management of sewage systems Industrial discharge of chemical wastes and byproducts Surface runoff from fields (agricultural, ... the northern regions of the country, nestled against China and Nepal The region of Uttarakhand is the origin of many of the two major rivers of India, the Ganga and the Yamuna from the snow-capped ... in the development of large parts of the world facing increasing population, dwindling supplies of fresh water, and increased pollution of existing water supplies The list of courageous individuals...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 1 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... counters are chiefly distinguished by the type of particle sensor employed Once the particle information is converted to an electronic signal, any of a number of types of counting electronics can be ... particles of different composition A simple example will show why this is so Suppose two particles of identical size are passed through each type of sensor One of the particles is made of stainless ... clarifying some of the issues with software and SCADA integration Most of the manufacturers have been generous in providing materials and information Thanks to Dr Holger Sommer of ART Instruments,...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 2 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... calculated by taking the log10 (log base 10) of the number of effluent counts divided by the number of influent counts for a given size range For example, one effluent count divided by 100 influent ... other parts of the process not accessible in the main plant Often pilot plants are brought in to determine the best method to use in designing a new plant Many premanufactured “packaged” plants are ... often require changes in the way removal efficiencies are measured with particle counters Most of the manufacturers of these special plants utilize particle counters in pilot plants, and can offer...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 3 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... maintained by use of an overflow weir Flow is held constant by the constant-head pressure maintained by the weir Pressure changes at the inlet are offset by proportional changes in the amount of overflow ... bubbles from coming out of solution The height of this tube is not directly proportional to the flow rate Rather, the head height is measured from the overflow point to the sample outlet The height of ... easy to replace How often this will need to be done will vary from plant to plant Excessive particle buildup will result in particle “shedding,” which is a periodic release of excess particles...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 4 pot
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... busy regulating a host of other areas of life to get around to it yet The one state which has mandated particle counting for most of its plants requires a minimal amount of data to be reported ... of drinking water treatment plant data collection from now on Consider the reasons: A single personal computer can collect display and store all the data produced by a large water treatment plant, ... water operator from gaining a wealth of knowledge and valuable information from particle counting systems as they exist at present Much of this reaction is understandably the product of a regulation-obsessed...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 5 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... probably be determined by the physical layout of the plant If a separate beaker is used for each source, label it accordingly F CONCLUSION It is not likely that a highly rigorous full -plant collection ... contamination from the grab-sample unit Most units pull the sample through a small piece of flexible synthetic tubing Particles from previous samples can collect on the outside and inside of this tubing, ... guidelines for the State of California suggest that three tests should be run, with the results for each test within 10% of the average of the three This is a good rule of thumb Collect enough...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 6 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... of this type of noise, which becomes audible as the volume is increased Every type of electronic device is affected by this phenomenon In the case of the particle counter, noise is produced by ... of cell width cidence is usually presented as the number of particles for which the measured counts fall within 10% of the actual number of particles present This number is the total number of ... below the detection limit of the particle counter sensor Some of these contribute to the noise level in a small way.) Once the noise level has been determined, particles of a known size can be sent...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 7 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... is a softer material than sapphire, and thus can be bored and polished to create the single window piece This softness accounts for the fact that it can be scratched from cleaning, or from contact ... minimize reflections C SAMPLE FITTINGS A variety of sample fittings are available, and are usually of concern only as a matter of convenience or preference Ease of accessibility is important Plastic or ... affected by some diffusion in the exit window The entrance window is covered with an antireflective coating to keep the light energy from reflecting back into the laser Lasers produce light by bouncing...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 8 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... histogram of all the particles in a given volume of water A “histogram” is a sort of graphical history of the particles present in that volume of water The PHA is used to record the counts in each of ... other type of monitoring device We © 2001 by CRC Press LLC L1306/frame/pt02 Page 87 Friday, June 23, 2000 1:54 PM PARTICLE COUNTER ELECTRONICS 87 will begin a presentation of the types of counters ... up in complexity from there The output of the counter electronics will either be in the form of a to 20 mA signal or a digital output designed for computer interface As each of these is discussed...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 9 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... provided to prevent the flow from exceeding the acceptable limits of the particle counter C ANALOG INPUTS One of the most useful features of the more-advanced models of particle counters are the ... have no use for them The number of analog inputs provided will vary from unit to unit Certainly turbidity and loss -of- head are useful inputs and others may be of importance depending on the process ... twisted-pair” cable The cable is shielded and twisted to prevent it from picking up induced noise from electrical equipment in the plant Most of the receiving devices connected to a to 20 mA current loop...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 10 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... requirements of the particular application Since SCADA systems are normally used to collect data from most or all of the plant instrumentation, a number of instrument protocols must be supported Most of ... between the SCADA software and the particle counters It consists of special software code which runs along with the SCADA software Control commands are issued from the SCADA software to the driver, ... The latest form of OLE provided by Microsoft is known as “Active X.” Recent efforts at improving the reliability and compatibility of data transfer have resulted in the development of OPC (OLE for...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 11 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... capacities are in the range of several gigabytes (a gigabyte is equal to billion bytes) As mentioned above, advances in speed have led to increasingly demanding software applications It stands ... requirements of the particle counting system Particle counting software has improved a great deal in the last couple of years, but is still pretty far behind the curve in terms of available software ... the plant until needed e Support Software In many cases, a spreadsheet program is a useful companion to the particle counting system Often the plant will already be using a spreadsheet package of...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 12 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... of the enclosure are usually not a problem from the standpoint of mounting space Most filter galleries provide plenty of room to mount instruments The size of the enclosure is more important from ... maintenance instead of reducing it Treatment Process The type of treatment process employed may have a bearing on the type of particle counting system selected Conventional plants with particle ... Some of them are of real value, while others involve mere “specmanship.” Except for electronic flowmeters, few of the various features add significant cost to the system Most are an integral part of...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 13 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... outlet and the pump inlet to keep large particles from creating problems As described in Part I, this type of sampler does not meter-out the sample by volume, but runs for a fixed time period at a ... the much less expensive portable units are available Several of them are still in use in drinking water plants, so a brief description of the sample delivery mechanism is in order The pressurized ... must remain within the allowable limits of the particle sensor The flow rate is usually controlled with some type of needle valve adjustment downstream of the sensor These batch samplers are far...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 14 ppt
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... succession of pulses of similar amplitude The brightness of that pulse occurs because it is actually several pulses “stacked” on top of each other The amplitude of the pulse is chosen by “eyeballing” ... indication of how accurately the particle counter sizes particles of the same size The width of the distribution relates to the resolution of the sensor It should be obvious that any type of consistent ... Although it would be of great value, it may not be worth a significant increase in the cost of the units F FIELD VERIFICATION OF CALIBRATION One area of increasing relevance is that of field verification...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 15 doc
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... manufactured by PMS As part of this agreement, PMS ceased any direct marketing in the water treatment industry In the biggest “off-field” development in the particle counting industry, around the end of ... way to look at resolution and, by implication, signal/noise Ideally, half of the particles should fall on either side of the threshold for a given size, and none of the particles in the next highest ... counting was boosted further when Georgia began strongly encouraging many of its plants to install particle counters Plants in California and a few other states also began to investigate particle...
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A Practical Guide to Particle Counting for Drinking Water Treatment - Chapter 16 potx
Ngày tải lên :
18/06/2014, 19:20
... inside the NEMA enclosure Short lengths of tubing are then run from the sensor inlet and outlet to nylon quick-disconnect fittings mounted on the walls of the NEMA box The external sample tubing ... LASER/OPTICAL ASSEMBLY All of the manufacturers employ a similar method of mounting the laser/optical assembly to the flow cell Mechanical configurations vary, as well as the method of alignment during ... Instruments, Grants Pass, OR.) © 2001 by CRC Press LLC L1306/frame/pt03 Page 149 Friday, June 23, 2000 2:15 PM PARTICLE SENSOR CONSTRUCTION 149 ARTI ARTI offers two sensors for drinking water...
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