... development of an information base on
genetic, cellular, and molecular levels is now a prerequisite for the use of plants
or plant cell cultures for biotechnological applications for the following ... is, however, possible. Therefore, it
is not possible to use a universal screening platform forplant cell cultures. Instead,
a specific screening for a particular plant cell culture must be employed ... cells is now routinely per-
formed forplant cell cultures in order to permit accurate assessment of growth and
metabolite production rates. The availability of plant cells for quantitative measure-
ment...
... Hmong children born in this country.
Implications for Educators:
The children born in the United States are not refugees, and
therefore do not qualify for special programs funded under U.S.
refugee ... something like after the corn harvest in in the year before we
escaped to Thailand.
Hmong Migration to California
The Hmong population of California, now the largest in the United
States, began ... Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) took over the
Hmong education in the camp. As of 1987, each of the camp’s nine centers
has a school for grades one through three and there is one kindergarten for
the...
... Answers 204
Sources 259
Academic Writing
A Handbookfor International Students
Second edition
Writing essays and dissertations can be a major concern for overseas students
studying at English-medium ...
resource.
Stephen Bailey has taught English for Academic Purposes at the University of
Nottingham and the University of Derby for the past 10 years. Before that he taught
English to students in ...
2.13
Style
2.14
Synonyms
2.15
Variation in Sentence Length
2.16
Visual Information
This may be partly true, but. . .
Flooding results from heavy rain
The former. . ., while the latter. . .
His work is more interesting...
... a role for internet-based
courses to supplement teacher-taught ones, and certainly
for people with other commitments they will be the only
practical option. There is an urgent need for research ... learning beneficial. On-line courses can also be
used to support taught courses, for instance by providing
access to extra materials. In many ways these kinds of
courses are similar to ‘universities ... applying for. Similarly, your
early education is unimportant.
e) Do not just give job titles but explain in detail what you
did.
f) Only give references if asked to do so.
3.
Prepare a CV for yourself....
... the main purpose of each, and their
usual approximate length.
Type Purpose Length
letter
for formal and informal
communication
usually fewer than 500
words
notes
report
project
essay
thesis/dissertation
article/paper
2. ... is
meant by ‘industrial revolution’.
e)
Industry had existed for thousands of
years prior to the eighteenth century,
but before this time society as a whole
remained agricultural. With the ... 25-year-old just leaving university would be investing for the
long term, whereas a 60-year-old who had just retired would
probably invest for income. Despite these differences, certain
principles...
... different. The first uses very formal vocabulary
such as seeking, position and implement. The second uses
an informal tone, the pronoun you, the question form and
informal vocabulary such as dud ...
just before you go home.
b) Writing for publication can be both profitable and
enjoyable. It’s open to everyone, because you
don’t need any qualifications. In Britain there is a
huge demand for ... merchantability
and fitness for particular purpose.
c) The Creative Labs Inspire 6.1 6600 speaker set
matches up well with the Sound Blaster Audigy 2
sound card, which has support for 24 bit processing...
... demand for food rose, prices doubled in
America. Although some profited from the shortages,
others were driven to emigrate into the unexplored lands
to the west. Numbers leaving Vermont, for example, ... Note-making
27
b) Sources should be noted in the same format as they will
appear in your references.
c) You need to develop your own style for note-making, to
suit the nature of your subject.
5.
You ... children
each year.
Several factors are responsible for this disturbing
development. Spreading world poverty has deprived
nations of funds for sanitation, so that many health
projects have...
... countries begin to provide facilities for mass
tourism, such as hotels and leisure complexes, there
is an immediate demand for labour. Work is created for
cleaners, waiters, gardeners and ... animals, plants and even micro-organisms such as
yogurt cultures and yeasts. They produced domesticated
variants better suited to the needs of humans, long before
the scientific basis for the ... framework for the essay. A structure may be
suggested by the title of the essay. There are a number of
common structures used in essay writing.
Which one would be most suitable for the title...
... Conclusions
1.12 Organising Paragraphs
45
1. topic
2. restatement
3. reason
4. example
5. information
5. The sentences below form a paragraph, but have been
mixed up.
Rewrite them in the correct order and ... process:
a) before reading: using the title to develop an outline
structure
b) after reading: modifying the outline and adding detail
Study the notes below. Use them to write a plan for the title.
Title: ... the case of longer
assignments it is often better to write the main body before the
introduction. With shorter essays, for example in exams, this is
impractical, and the introduction has to be...
... sector, which
began in Britain in 1981 with British Telecom . . .
b) Background information helps to give a context for your
essay.
In recent years the privatisation of state owned
businesses, ... relevance.
cross-reference
2.5 Definitions
1.14 Introductions
An introduction is crucial, not just for what it says about the
topic, but for what it tells the reader about the writer’s style and
approach. Unless ... fulfil.
i) explain starting point for research
ii) state aims/goals
iii) refer to recent research in same area
iv) give results of research
v) provide background information
vi) concede limitations...
... essay or to just
one section. It is common, for instance, for longer essays to
have a discussion section before the conclusion.
There is no fixed order for working on the units in Elements
of Writing. ... study than Japanese students. They need to
prepare for presentations and discussions. This is useful
for learning because they take much time for study
outside the classroom and as they become ... Rewriting and Proof-reading
63
Proof-reading
5. Before handing in any piece of written work for marking, it
is important to check it carefully for errors which may distort
your meaning or make...
... meaning.
Word Category Detail Use
A lecture is a formal talk given to a large
group,
often used for
teaching.
An assignment is a task often given to
students
for teaching or
assessment.
2. Insert suitable ... codes are a for making mail delivery
more efficient.
3. More complete definitions may be written by adding
examples or extra information:
A mortgage is a type of loan (which is) used for buying ... conducted.
76
Elements of Writing
5. Note the variety of forms possible:
German letters are more expensive than French (ones/
letters). (least formal)
Letters in Germany are more expensive than (those)...
... favour of one
side. These may be called ‘discussion’, for and against’ or
‘argument’ essays. For example:
a) School uniforms – a step forward or a step back?
– discuss.
b) Discuss the advantages ...
assess the information and ideas they have collected in a
discussion section before the conclusion.
Discussion vocabulary
+–
benefit
advantage
a positive aspect
pro (informal)
plus (informal)
one ... of school uniforms
is . . .
drawback
disadvantage
a negative feature
con (informal)
minus (informal)
a serious drawback to state control
is . . .
2. There are two basic outlines for a discussion...