... evaluators forthe performance ofthe various schemas These, however, are not the only possible evaluators For instance, Sennels et al [16] used other evaluators to test the success of their methodsThe ... Several methods were used for evaluation ofthe success of extraction ofthe volitional EMG The basic one was by visual inspection ofthe approximated signal which, despite not providing information ... paper we compare methodsforthe accurate extraction ofthe volitional EMG envelope out ofthe raw dynamic EMG signal A synthesized, well-defined and known EMG signal, served forthe development...
... excavation The output ofthe results is in the form of a strip chart that indicates the nature ofthe defect at the test position and a measure ofthe confidence ofthe prediction The confidence ... The travel ofthe piston multiplied by the area ofthe cylinder gives the volume of water that penetrates into the concrete A plot ofthe volume of water versus time provides information on the ... method—Some ofthe drawbacks ofthe through-transmission method are the need for access to both sides ofthe member and the lack of information on the location (depth) of a detected anomaly These limitations...
... obtained for implicit iterative schemes not require the weak continuity ofthe duality mapping of Banach spaces E, and the proof forthe convergence of these theorems need to use some different mathematical ... over the set of common fixed points of a family of nonexpansive mappings Section 1.5 gives the statement ofthe problem of accretive variational inequalities over the feasible set that is the ... satisfied Then, the sequence {xn} converges strongly to the solution p∗ of (1.1) Remark 2.2 We have improved the result of (2.4) in the sense that we use the mapping T (tn), instead of using the Bochner...
... D e p e D f p p p D h o GIG!IGrqeÔ2ofS2dhGIaG29GhI s53hfD 2Sa2292SIh255S hSfh5i2hfSSh3hIƠh! F e e F H o e D p D w D p e e D H w f H e xof}}SfhGIGhEfhGIG2SAclẳ fh9ÂGS~ ạ2ShIGhSfhÂÂ ... F p b H o D e b X p F D b quI2SdGSI3!GIfhdHIafhGD i}Ihofh H e p H D F y e m p o p f F p o D F w e p F 2hfSGS3hÂ}ofr3hIƠfrẩHfrIhh2Ihu H f H H D e p H eQ H F p p F u F ... E2SfhgÂi ~~Ă@ fhSSScAfha5BSÂhIGhhGp e D f F o D ã D f m D w e h D f m o D H k ! ofhS9}" G Wf}hdG fr#aG F p ` IG2ffSaG2GhIdI2SIh2SS!ShSfhdw H D o D e D e p e...
... the residual is zero This means that when the sum ofthe squares is zero, the partial derivative ofthe sum ofthe squares must also be zero Consequently, the partial derivatives ofthe sum of ... in the treatment of wastewater, they adhere to the surface of air bubbles forming stable foams If they are discharged with the effluent, they form similar bubbles in the receiving stream Before ... as the chromosomes are The former organisms are called the eucaryotes; the latter, the procaryotes Therefore, two types of protists exist: the eucaryotic protists and the procaryotic protists The...
... the total value ofthe quality inside the tank at the end ofthe previous interval; thus, it is also the total value ofthe quality at the beginning ofthe forward interval (Ci + Ci+1)/2 is the ... than the average The limit ofthe going down ofthe water level is the bottom ofthe tank If the inflow rate exceeds pumping as this limit is reached, the level will start to rise The volume ofthe ... electromotive force is induced in the conductor that is proportional to the velocity ofthe conductor In the actual application of this law in the measurement ofthe flow of water or wastewater, the salts...
... sources ofthe water are pumped: the first is the source tank above the elevation ofthe eye ofthe impeller or centerline ofthe pump system; the second is the source tank below the eye ofthe impeller ... if the TDH ofthe pump assembly is less than the TDHR ofthe system piping, no fluid will flow To ensure that the proper size of pumps are chosen for a given desired pumping rate, the TDH ofthe ... efficiency—Value ofthe efficiency that corresponds to the best operating performance ofthe pump Brake or shaft power The power ofthe motor or prime mover driving the pump Brake efficiency—Ratio ofthe power...
... accounted for: the flux due to the gravitational settling ofthe solids and the flux due to the conveyance effect ofthe withdrawal ofthe sludge in the underflow ofthe tank Calling the total flux ... to the flow that passes through the control device at the end ofthe tank The height ofthe orifice crest from the bottom ofthe channel is small, so h may be considered equal to the depth in the ... because ofthe solids adhering to the rising bubbles of air The breaking ofthe bubbles as they emerge at the surface leaves the sludge in a thickened condition Figure 5.13 shows the flowsheet of a...
... the width ofthe paddle; L, the length ofthe paddle; J, the width ofthe baffle; H, the depth in the vessel; Dt, the diameter ofthe vessel; E, the distance ofthe impeller to the bottom ofthe ... wheel The ratio ofthe length ofthe paddle blades ofthe longest compartment to that ofthe length ofthe paddle blades ofthe middle compartment is 2.6:2, and the ratio ofthe length ofthe paddle ... in the equation The product of vpt and a is the equivalent ofthe combined effects ofthe vp’s ofthe several blades; it represents the conglomerate velocity for all the blades The value of a...
... finer ofthe medium sample (P60) to the size ofthe sieve opening that passes the 10% finer ofthe medium sample In other words, the uniformity coefficient is the ratio ofthe P60 to the P10 For slow-sand ... ofthe size ofthe sieve opening that passes the 60% finer ofthe medium sample (P60) to the size ofthe sieve opening that passes the 10% finer ofthe medium sample Vacuum filtration—A method of ... ofthe medium sample The effective size is said to be the 10th percentile size P10 The uniformity coefficient is defined as the ratio ofthe size ofthe sieve opening that passes the 60% finer of...
... will be millions of them performing the reaction of H moving and the C ofthe carboxyl group ofthe tolylene bonding with the N ofthe amine and so on The final structure is a mesh of cross-linked ... at the top ofthe bed The packed density ofthe carbon bed is 721.58 kg/m Solution: The design will include the determination ofthe amount of activated carbon needed, the dimensions ofthe ... amperes of current must be impressed upon the membranes ofthe cell to effect the removal ofthe ions The cells are connected in series, so the same current must pass through all ofthe cells in the...
... performs an experiment forthe purpose of determining the value of β of a particular wastewater The [Cos,w] ofthe wastewater after shaking the jar thoroughly is 7.5 mg/L The temperature ofthe ... be the time it takes forthe droplets to fall from the top ofthe tower to the bottom For a cascade aerator, this time is the time forthe water to fall through the cascade from the top to the ... is the rise time ofthe bubbles to the surface, whereas detention time is the average time of travel ofthe water between the inlet to the outlet ofthe reactor Contact time refers solely to the...
... needed to remove the by-product calcium hardness formed from the use ofthe lime As noted before, the calcium ion is removed in the form of CaCO3 This is the reason forthe use ofthe second chemical ... hardness The Ksp of Mg(OH)2 is a low value of 9(10 ) Thus, the hardness is removed in the form of Mg(OH)2 To remove the carbonate − hardness of magnesium, a source ofthe OH ion is therefore added ... because the calcium ion is present to cause precipitation The other method of calcium removal involves the case when the hardness is in the form ofthe noncarbonate, such as in the form of CaCl2...
... the values ofthe respective equilibrium constants K sp,CaCO is the equilibrium constant forthe solubility of CaCO3 The pair of braces, { }, are read as the activity of, ” the meaning of which ... (11.17) c is the charge ofthe cation that pairs with CO forming the precipitate Cation2(CO3)c(s) We call the formation of this precipitate as the dead end ofthe carbonate equilibria, since the carbonate ... pair with the carbonate The pairing will be governed by the value ofthe solubility product constant, Ksp A small value ofthe Ksp means that only small values ofthe concentration ofthe constituent...
... can attract their own counterions, the coions ofthe primary charges, forming another layer Since these coions form a continuous distribution of ions into the bulk ofthe solution, they tend to ... between two forces at the surface ofthe colloid particle: the van der Waal’s force of attraction, represented by the lower dashed curve, and the force of repulsion, represented by the upper dashed ... destabilizing the colloid particle The use of chemicals to reduce the distance to a − a′ from the surface ofthe colloid is portrayed in Figure 12.4 The zeta potential is the measure ofthe stability of...
... The reason forthe high pH values forthe removal of iron as Fe(OH)2 and forthe removal of + manganese as Mn(OH)2 is the formation ofthe complex ions These ions are FeOH + − − and Fe (OH) for ... the complex ions increase the solubility ofthe iron species and therefore increase the concentration of these species in solution Forthe ferrous and the ferric species, they are spFeII and spFeIII ... (tank) for containing the addition ofthe hydroxide source (lime) to raise the pH and for mixing the chemicals and allowing completion ofthe precipitation of Fe(OH)2 and Mn(OH)2 The precipitates formed...
... adding the hydrogen ion The optimum pH range for AlPO4 precipitation, we found to be equal to or less than − In the case ofthe use of lime, the OH ion is a reactant forthe production ofthe apatite, ... sp,AlPO4 = 10 forthe case of using alum This situation is similar to the case ofthe ferric salts The concentrations ofthe aluminum ion to precipitate either the aluminum hydroxide or the aluminum ... REMOVAL The removal of phosphorus involves provision forthe addition of chemicals both for adjusting the pH and for precipitating the phosphate, mixing them with the raw water, settling the resulting...
... consumed Therefore, the rate of decrease ofthe concentration ofthe substrate is proportional to the rate of increase ofthe concentration ofthe organisms The first term on the right-hand side of ... concentration of organisms from the secondary clarifier The volume ofthe control volume is comprised ofthe volume ofthe reactor, volume ofthe secondary clarifier, and the volumes ofthe associated ... 15.3 MICROBIAL THERMODYNAMICS The study ofthe relationships between heat and other forms of energy is called thermodynamics All living things utilize heat, therefore, the science of thermodynamics...
... operations of ion exchange of ions takes place This exchange of ions is the chemical reaction ofthe unit process of ion exchange; the mere physical passing through ofthe water with the attendant ... experiment is conducted for a wastewater producing the results below Determine the length δ ofthe active zone The diameter ofthe column used is 2.5 cm, and the packed density ofthe bed is 750 kg/m ... forthe cations in the bed Displacement series—A table of ions indicating that ions at the top ofthe table can displace ions below them in the table Exchange capacity The ultimate quantity of...