... and phylogeny. How-ever, the nature ofthe connections between thesefactors needs to be understood at the level ofthe pro-tein domain. The global properties ofthe HTFNtopology are partially ... property of the bHLH domains. Therefore, this seems to be a topo-logical constrain derived from the evolution of thisfamily.Evolution based on domain reusing might explain the abundance of certain ... TFIIE-a, TFIIE-bF 57 42% Zn finger domains. It contains the 90% of the members of nuclear receptorsuperfamily (they are Zn fingersalso) ofthe HTFN.14-3-3 zeta, STAT1a, STAT1b, dCREB, ATF-1,FTF,...
... more than 50% of the GlnK–TnrA interaction in the presence of 2 mm ATP.On the other hand, 2-oxoglutarate did not influence the GlnK–TnrA interaction, either alone, in the absence of divalent metals, ... was shown to depress the transcriptional activ-ity of TnrA [9,10,18].Taken together, the results from this investigationprovide indications ofthe physiological role of the GlnK–TnrA interaction, ... resolve the inhibitoryeffect of ATP on the GlnK–TnrA interaction in the absence of divalent cations more clearly, ATP wastitrated to the binding assays in the absence or pres-ence of 2-oxolguatarate....
... whether these cytokines areproduced by CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Tregor whetherthey induce the production of these cytokines fromanother population of cells [20].To date, our knowledge about the ... important in the development of a number of these cell types.They were found within the zebrafish genome, using a synteny approach in the case of t-bet and foxp3. Multiple alignments of zebrafish ... domainsimportant in the functioning of these transcriptionfactors. T-bet (also known as Tbox-21) belongs to the T-box family of genes, consisting of over 20 memberscharacterized in mammals [35]. They contain...
... increase in apoptosis [73]. The authors of this studyascribe the regulation of outgrowth of limb buds andpatterning ofthe digits to the chicken AP-2. The role of AP-2a was further studied in zebrafish.It ... because ofthe severe skeletal defects in growthand the development of face and limbs [17–19]. Don-ner et al. tried to link the expression of AP-2a in thesetissues to upstream signaling pathways. ... further analyze their interactions with AP-2 and the functional role of these in chondrocytes.Furthermore, it is speculated that in melanoma,where AP-2a acts as a tumor suppressor, the loss of AP-2a...
... in the central cylinder ofthe root, but not in the lower parts ofthe hypocotyl (a). Rosette leaves werestained in the vascular tissue ofthe leaf blade, whereas the petiole and older parts of ... this has the potential to predict possible pro-tein binding to the BPMs. It will also be of importanceto define the functional impact ofthe BPM family on the activity of ERF ⁄ AP2 transcription ... staining within the vascular tissue at the end of the leaf blade, whereas the basal parts close to the petiole remained almost unstained. We observed clearGUS expression in the primary root of 7-day-old...
... interruption ofthe geometry of the recognition helix for either Antp or the TTF-1HD, the anomalous amide exchange pattern and the NOE connectivity data ofthe C-terminal portion of helix III ... conflict with the global interpretation ofthe data. With the exclusion of the N-terminal octapeptidyl and C-terminal nonapept-idyl fragments of Glu17, Leu34 and Lys46, the average of the {1H}–15N ... Lorentzian model of J(x) calculated over avery wide range of correlation times, s. Most of the experimental points accumulate rather close to the upper intercept ofthe theoretical curve and the fitting(solid)...
... and the cleavage of DNA by alkali [31]. The method allows easy detection of DNA–protein interactions via the N7 position of guaninesin the major groove and via the N3 position of adenines in the ... coupled with the topologychanges resulting from the loss of 1.5 superhelical turns of the DNA over the whole construct, suggest that the chromatin is indeed more relaxed in the absence of hormone. ... inhormone-induced transcription ( 50% of full inductionwhen added early, compare lanes 3, 4 and 11, 12). Neither of these effects depended on the TSA concentration over the range used in these experiments,...
... connected to the DEC1 E-boxes(Fig. 2), while deletion ofthe Orange domain ( DEC1DOr-ange) had no effect on the suppressive activity, indicating the importance of t he bHLH region of DEC1. The HXXXXXXXR ... conclude that the basic region, p artic-ularly the conserved A rg65, but not His57, is essential for the suppressive activity of DEC1.Determination ofthe binding domain of DEC1 to BMAL1 The interaction ... that the C-terminal region, including the PAS-Bdomain of BMAL1, is required for the binding to DEC1,Fig. 4. Identification ofthe domain of D EC1that interacts with BMAL 1. Interactions of various...
... acetylation of H3 and H4histones, and the remaining DHSs in the deleted cellswere examined to determine the roles of these DHSson the transcription of Ig-b gene and on the mainten-ance ofthe active ... Thus,there again has been no description either of the region involved in DNase I general sensitivity or of the region for the formation of DHSs, althoughchromatin opening activity ofthe LCR ... )13 kb in the Na channel gene and the other at +13 kb downstream ofthe GH gene, haveFig. 6. H3 and H4 acetylation ofthe Ig- b locus in the region II dele-tion cells. The acetylation of wild...
... factors as the mutation of the CRE site within the COX-2 promoter or the expression of a dominant negative mutant of CREBreduces inducibility ofthe COX-2 promoter [9,12–14]. The transcription ... observed across the different studies as well as the similarity of the recognition sites ofthe NFAT and Ets factors led us toinvestigate the potential involvement ofthe epithelialspecific ... convertsarachidonic acid into the prostaglandin H2. This prod-uct is the critical point ofthe synthetic pathway of numerous members ofthe prostaglandin family. COXexists as two major isoforms derived from...
... T)11and T+2. Therefore, the measured contribution of theseforms to the integrated intensity of these two bases wasused in the calculation ofthe contribution of individualbases to the integrated ... and elements ofthe b subunitthat make up the back wall ofthe RNAP active-sitechannel, until it passes near the active site [11]. The very low reactivity ofthe thymines close to the cata-lytic ... charges of both DNA phosphates and the carboxylic groups of three aspartates ofthe NADFDGD motif involved in the binding of catalytic Mg2+ions [23,42]. Chelation of these ions to the carboxylic...
... upstream of the major transcription start site. The presence of a CCAATbox and the absence of a TATA box seem to be one of the characteristics ofthe mouse integrin a3 gene.We identified two transcription ... (where A/C is the transcription start site). The role ofthe sequence containing CCT is unknown but itmight play a role in the initiation of transcription. The active promoter region ofthe mouse ... upstream ofthe SacI) sites (Fig. 1).Sequence analysis ofthe 5Â-anking region anddetermination of transcription start sites of mouseintegrin a3 subunit gene The nucleotide sequence ofthe 0.5...
... clarify the distinct roles of Sp1 and Sp3 atdifferent phases ofthe cell cycle. The transcriptional cofactor p300 is coprecipitated incomplexes with Sp1 [38]. The activation ofthe promoter of thegeneforp21Waf1/Cip1by ... Characterization ofthe promoter ofthe mouse Dnmt1 gene. (A)Transcriptional activity ofthe mouse Dnmt1promoterinNIH3T3cells. The top diagram shows the mouse Dnmt1geneandthelowerdiagram shows the variously ... revealed the activation of the promoter ofthe Dnmt1 gene in the presence of Sp3. The transcriptional coactivator p300 interacted with Sp3 invivo and in vitro. Our results indicate that expression of the...
... promoters. These results show that the configuration of nGAAn units in the promoter isimportant in determining which hHSF members areinvolved in the regulation ofthe gene.Footprint analysis ofthe ... withoutchanging the magnitude ofthe heat shock response(cp3). The mutational analysis ofthe CRYGA andCRYGC HSEs suggests that the nucleotide sequencesand configuration of nGAAn-like units ... as judged from the amount andmobility ofthe complex (Fig. 1B). Notably, the amount of complex formed with hHSF4 and HSEgapor HSEstep was more than 70% that of hHSF4–HSE3P. Therefore, like...