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... vı¯bra¯иshənsəpreshиən} əlиəst }8How to Use the Dictionary ALPHABETIZATION. The terms in the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition, are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis; ... McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering provides a compendium of more than18,000 terms that are central to the various branches of engineering and relatedfields of science. The coverage in this SecondEdition ... mathematical, engineering, and scientific data.It is the editors’ hope that the SecondEdition of the McGraw-Hill Dictionary ofEngineering will serve the needs of scientists, engineers, students,...
... Proxymeasuresofutility,e.g.theamountofmoneywhichapersonispreparedtogiveuptoobtainxamountofagood,haveallbeenconsideredtooindirect.Seealso:ordinalutility;revealedprefer-ences;utilityReferencesMajumdar,T.(1961)TheMeasurementofUtility,LondonandNewYork:Mac-millan.carer(I3)Anunpaidfamilyworkerwhoprovidesnursinganddomesticcaretoyoung,in-firmorelderlyrelatives.Moralobligationisthebasisforundertakingthiswork.CaribbeanBasinInitiative(F0)Anarrangementagreedin1984togiveexportsofcountriesoftheCaribbeanregiontariff-freeaccesstotheUSA.CaribbeanCommunity(F0)Acommonmarketwithagriculturalandindustrialintegrationfoundedin1973insuccessiontotheCaribbeanFreeTradeArea(1968–73).ThemembersareAngu-illa,Antigua,Barbados,Belize,Dominica,Grenada,Guyana,Jamaica,Montserrat,StKitts-Nevis,StLucia,StVincent,Trini-dadandTobago.CaribbeanDevelopmentBank(G2)DEVELOPMENTBANKfoundedin1970con-sistingofseventeenmembercountriesfromtheCaribbeanregionaswellasCanadaandtheUK.caringsociety(D6,P0)seealtruism;welfarestatecarry-back,carry-forwardsystem(H2)Ataxsystemwhichpermitsbusinessestocarrynetoperatinglossesbackorforwardagainstpastorfuturegainsinincomeorcapitalappreciation.carryingcapacity(J1)Theabilityofaparticularareatosustainapopulationataspecifiedlevelofsubsis-tence,usuallyspecifiedasthenumberofpersonsperunitofland.cartalist(E4)Apersonbelievingthatthevalueofacurrencydependsonthepoweroftheissuingauthorityandnotonitsintrinsicvalueoritsconvertibilityintogold.Seealso:BankingSchool;fiatmoney;metallistcarte ... Lon-don: Methuen.Hollander, S. (1987) Classical Economics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.O’Brien, D.P. (1975) The Classical Econo-mists, Oxford: Clarendon Press.classical model (E1)A formal macroeconomic ... Brazilian economy.Collor I was launched in 1990, Collor II in1991. The plans included wage and pricefreezes to combat inflation rising at 1,800per cent; they were named after FernandoCollor, President...
... relativefreedom to develop a variety of financialinstruments, unlike theMONO-BANKS ofSoviet-type economies whose role waslimited through subservience to a systemof central planning.The Second ... Rutherfordandunfilledvacancies.Indicatorsofout-putshowthegrowthofproductionofprincipalindustries;indicatorsofexternaltradeincludeindicesofexportandimportvolume,thevisibleandcurrentbalancesandthetermsoftradeplusthesizeoftheofficialreserves;financialindicatorsin-cludechangesinvariousmeasuresoftheMONEYSUPPLY.Inflationindicatorsincludethoseforretailprices,basicmaterialsandwholesalepricesofmanufacturedpro-ducts.Seealso:coincidentindicatorseconomicinstitution(P0)1Anorganizationwhichisacomponentofaneconomy.2AsystemofPROPERTYRIGHTS.3Anormofeconomicbehaviour.4Adecision-makingunit.5Atypeofcontract,e.g.aformofinsurancetocoveraparticularsortofrisk.ReferencesWiles,P.J.D.(1977)EconomicInstitutionsCompared ,Oxford: BasilBlackwell.economicintegration(F0)Thejoiningtogetherofeconomicactiv-ities,especiallythetradeofseveralcoun-tries.Thiscantakedifferentforms,including FREE- TRADEAREAS,CUSTOMSUN-IONS,COMMONMARKETSandfederationsofnationaleconomies.Differentformsofintegrationcanbedistinguishedbytheextenttowhichindividualnationalgov-ernmentsretainindependenceindecisionmaking.Seealso:EuropeanMonetarySystemeconomicjournals(A1)Thelearnedacademicperiodicals,mostlypublishedquarterly,containingarticlesandbookreviews,which,bypresentingtheresearchfindingsoftheeconomicsprofession,givetheclearestindicationofthepresentstateofthesubject.Someofthem,e.g.theAmericanEconomicReview,attempttocoverallbranchesofeconom-ics,butincreasinglyjournalsspecializinginaparticularbranchofthedisciplinehavebeenfounded.Manyeconomistsonlypublisharticlesandavoidpublishingbooksbecauseofthegreatstatusthejournalshaveattainedintheeconomicsprofession.Recentlymanyoftheseperiod-icalshaveaddedassessmentsofcomputersoftwaretotheirbookreviews.Thelead-ingacademicjournalsofeconomicsin-cludeAmericanEconomicReview,BankofEnglandQuarterlyReview,Economica,EconomicJournal,JournalofIndustrialEconomics,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,ManchesterSchoolofEconomicandSocialStudies,NationalInstituteEconomicRe-view,OxfordEconomicPapers,QuarterlyJournalofEconomics,ReviewofEconomicStudies,ReviewofEconomicsandStatis-tics.Seealso:financialjournalismeconomicjustice(D6)Distributivejusticebasedonfullyin-formedandvoluntarytransactions.SinceAristotle’sNicomacheanEthicsmanyeco-nomicwritingshaveassertedtheimpor-tanceofensuringthatexchangeisfairtobothpartiesandthatthefruitofproduc-tionshouldbedistributedtofactorsofproductionaccordingtotheirrelativein-puts.Seealso:Rawlsianjusticeeconomic ... primarysector with better jobs and a secondarysector with inferior jobs. The primary sectorconsists of large firms offering training andhigh remuneration but the secondary sectorhas many small...
... UK in which six freeportschemes were launched in 1984. Freeportswere popular as far back as the MiddleAges, when they were known as ‘staples’.Seealso:in-bondmanufacturing free rider (D1, ... goods the free- riderproblem has resulted in the finance ofsuch goods by general taxation; undertrade unionism, the existence of free ridershas led to demands for aUNION or CLOSEDSHOP. free ... Press.Corden, W.M. ( 1974) Trade Policy andEconomic Welfare, Oxford: ClarendonPress. free- trade area (F1)A group of independent nations with free trade among them, but not necessarilywith a joint...
... Sadowski, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.—— (1987) Selected Essays on EconomicPlanning, Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press.Osiatinsky, J. (1990 onwards) The Col-lected Works of M. Kalecki, Oxford: Oxford ... society.Seealso:Ginicoefficient;LorenzcurveReferencesAtkinson, A.B. (1982) The Economics ofInequality, 2nd edn, Oxford: ClarendonPress.Sen, A. (1997) On economic inequalilty,2nd edn, Oxford and New York: Clar-endon Press.Silber, J. (ed.) (1999) ... The Structure of theAmerican Economy, 2nd edn, New York: Oxford University Press.—— (1986) Input-Output Economics, 2ndedn, New York: Oxford University Press.input trade (F1)International trade...
... rates could freely move to estab-lish their market values was limited by theintervention ofCENTRAL BANKS.Seealso:dirtyfloatmanaged trade (F1)The abandonment of a free market and FREE TRADE ... Reader,Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Freedman, R. (ed.) (1962) Marx on Eco-nomics, Harmondsworth: Penguin.Junankar, P.N. (1982) Marx’s Economics, Oxford: Philip Allan.McLellan, D. (1973) ... the slope ofanINDIFFERENCE CURVE.ReferencesHicks, J.R. (1939) Value and Capital, ch. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press.marginal rate of transformation (D2)The reduction in the amount of...
... for his works onEXPECTATIONS. After an education at NewCollege, Oxford, and the London Schoolof Economics, he worked at the Oxford Institute of Statistics and, during the war,in the Economic ... thereturns to schooling.ReferencesRoy, A.D. (1951) ‘Some thoughts on thedistribution of earnings’, Oxford Eco-nomic Papers, New Series 3: 135–46.Selective Employment Tax (H2, O4)A tax designed ... G.C. (1988) Joan Robinson,Brighton: Wheatsheaf.Robinson, J. (1951–80) Collected EconomicPapers, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.—— (1969) The Accumulation of Capital,2nd edn, London: Macmillan.—— (1969)...