oxford picture dictionary english chinese second edition
Dictionary of Engineering Second Edition ppt
... McGraw-Hill Dictionary ofEarth Science Second Edition McGraw-HillNew York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London MadridMexico ... McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Earth Science provides a compendium of more than10,000 terms that are central to the broad range of disciplines comprisingearth science. The coverage in this Second Edition ... this Dictionary is important for an appreciation of its literature andapplications.All of the definitions are drawn from the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific andTechnical Terms, Sixth Edition...
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Dictionary of Engineering - Second Edition doc
... vı¯bra¯иshənsəpreshиən} əlиəst }8 How to Use the Dictionary ALPHABETIZATION. The terms in the McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering, Second Edition, are alphabetized on a letter-by-letter basis; ... McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Engineering provides a compendium of more than18,000 terms that are central to the various branches of engineering and relatedfields of science. The coverage in this Second Edition ... mathematical, engineering, and scientific data.It is the editors’ hope that the Second Edition of the McGraw-Hill Dictionary ofEngineering will serve the needs of scientists, engineers, students,...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 1 potx
... Developmentâ 2002 Donald Rutherford Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition The most informative dictionary of economics available, the Routledge Dictionary ofEconomics avoids the tendency ... year t.â 2002 Donald Rutherford Routledge Dictionary ofEconomics Second edition Donald RutherfordLondon and New Yorkâ 2002 Donald Rutherford intheChinesecurrency,therenminbi.2Usuallyanon-votingshareoftheequitycapitalofaUKcompany.Theseshareshavebeencreatedtoenablethefoundersofacompanytoretaincon-trol.AsharestradeatlowerpricesthanBsharesastheyareuselesstoothercompaniesattemptingtogaincontrolofthecompany.GraduallytheseshareshavebeenaccordedvotingrightsastheLondonStockExchangeregardsthemasunfair.AsianDevelopmentBank(G2)Bankfoundedin1966withcapitalprovidedbyAsiancountries,theUSA,Canada,theUKandWestGermanyontherecommendationoftheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAsiaandtheFarEast.Itcovershalfoftheworldspopulation.ItisbasedinManilla,thePhilippines,andisdominatedbytheJapanese,thelargestcontributorofitscapital.Itsconserva-tivelendingpolicyhaschieflyfavouredloansforspecificprojects,e.g.tobuildports,roadsandbridges,ratherthansectorallendingtorestructuretroubledeconomies.Ithasincreaseditslendingtotheprivatesectorandhasajointventurewithcommercialbanks,theAsianFinanceandInvestmentCor-poration(AFIC).Asianoption(G1)ADERIVATIVEsettledincashwhosepay-offisrelatedtotheaveragepriceoftheunderlyingassetinacertaintimeperiod.Alsoknownasanaverageoption.Asiaticmodeofproduction(P0)Themostprimitiveformofproduction,accordingtoMARX,inwhichself-sufficientagriculturalcommunitiesaredespoticallygoverned.Thestate,throughtaxation,appropriatestheeconomicsurplusoftheagriculturalsectortofinancethebuildingofthecountrysinfrastructure.Thecon-ceptwasdevelopedinthe1950sand1960stoexaminemoreaspectsofstateforma-tionandtheformationofclassesinprimitivecommunities.ReferencesKrader,L.(1975)TheAsiaticModeofProduction,Assen,TheNetherlands:VanGorcum.Marx,K.(1964)Pre-capitalistEconomicFormations,ed.E.Hobsbawm,London:Lawrence&Wishart.OLeary,B.(1989)TheAsiaticModeofProduction:OrientalDespotism,Histor-icalMaterialismandIndianHistory, Oxford: BasilBlackwell.askprice(G0)ThesellingpriceofaSECURITYsetbyafinancialinstitution.Seealso:bidpriceasset(D0,G0)1Aresourcewithamarketvalue.2Aunitofwealthcapableofearninganincome.3Alargeenoughestatetodischargetheburdenonanheirorexecutor.Real(ortangible)assetsincludelandandmachinery;intangibleassetsincludegood-willandpatents;financialassetsincludecashandstockmarketsecurities.Seealso:nationalwealth;wealthassetcard(G1)ADEBITCARD.assetmotive(E4)Amotiveforholdingmoney.Toavoidriskyinvestments,peoplearepreparedtosacrificehighreturnsbykeepingtheirportfoliosinaliquidornear-liquidform.Seealso:speculativedemandformoneyassetspecificity(G0)Theuniquecharacterofadurableasset,e.g.amachine,askilledworkeroraproductionsite,whichmeansthatithasalowreturninotheruses.FormanyspecificassetsthecostofemployingthemisinthenatureofaSUNKCOST.Seealso:economicrent;transferearningsâ ... been sweeping developments in economics in the decade since theappearance of the first edition of the dictionary and the new version reflects this byincluding a wealth of material on additional...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 2 doc
... ReferencesSmith,A.(1776)TheWealthofNations,ed.R.H.CampbellandA.S.Skinner,BookV,ch.II,PartII ,Oxford: Clar-endonPress,1976.Cantilloneffect(E4)Thedifferentialimpactofanincreaseinthemoneysupply.Asdifferentrecipientsofextracashhavedifferentusesforit,therewillbeachangeintherelativedemandfor,andrelativepricesof,goodsandservices.Therateofinterestwillfalliftherecipientsoftheextramoneysaveandinvest.Cantillon,Richard,c.1680–c.1734(B3)Irish-bornbankerandeconomistwhospentmuchofhislifeinFrancewherehemadealargepersonalfortuneafterthecollapseofJohnLAW’sMississippiCom-pany.Hiswritingsoneconomics,otherthantheEssaisurlaNatureduCommerceenGe´ne´ral,appeartohaveperishedwithhimwhenhishouseinAlbemarleStreet,London,wasburntdown.HisremarkableEssaishowedhiskeenreadingofseveraleconomists,includingPETTY,andhisim-mensepracticalknowledgeofbanking.InmanysensesheanticipatedQUESNAYandotherPHYSIOCRATSbysettingoutamodeloftheeconomywithvillages,markettownsandcitiesengagedinmutualex-changes.Also,hepowerfullyexplainedtheroleoftheENTREPRENEURineconomicactivity,withamoreplausibleexplanationthanSmith’sINVISIBLEHANDpostulate.Hisanalysisofexchangerates,openmarketoperationsandthebankcreditmultipliergiveshisworkamodernfocus.ReferencesCantillon,R.(1755)EssaisurlaNatureduCommerceenGe´ne´ral,Englishtrans.H.Higgs,London:Macmillan,fortheRoyalEconomicSociety,1931.Murphy,A.E.(1986)RichardCantillon:EntrepreneurandEconomist ,Oxford: ClarendonPress.cap(E4,G1)Themaximuminterestratepaidonafloatingratesecuritybyitsissuer.Thesellergivesfundstocoverinterestpay-mentsoveraspecifiedrate.Alsoappliestoanadjustableratemortgage.Seealso:collar;floorcapacity(D2,E4)1Themaximumoutputthatafirmoranationaleconomycanproducefromitsexistingsupplyoffactorsofproduction.Afirmcanincreaseitscapacitybyen-largingitslabourforceoritscapitalstock.2Themaximumamountofmoneywhichafinancialinstitutioncanlend.Seealso:capitalutilizationcapacitycharge(D4,M2)Acomponentofthepriceofthegoodsorservicesofpublicenterpriseswhichisexpectedtocoverthecostsoffixedcapital.capacityratio(J2)seevolumeratiocapacityutilization(D0,E0)Theratiooftheactualoutputofafirm,industryornationaleconomytoitsmax-imumoutputatapointintime.Thisratiowillfluctuatecyclically.Ahighdegreeofutilizationwillbeasignalformorenetinvestment.Seealso:acceleratorprinciple;tradecyclecapital(D0, ... Lon-don: Methuen.Hollander, S. (1987) Classical Economics, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.O’Brien, D.P. (1975) The Classical Econo-mists, Oxford: Clarendon Press.classical model (E1)A formal macroeconomic ... Seealso:economicsandpsychologyReferencesAkerlof,G.andDickens,W.T.(1982)‘Theeconomicconsequencesofcognitivedis-sonance’,AmericanEconomicReview72:307–19.Festinger,L.(1957)ATheoryofCognitiveDissonance,Evanston,IL:Row,Peter-son.CohesionFund(O0)EUROPEANUNIONfundcreatedin1993bytheMAASTRICHTTREATYtoprovidemoneyforenvironmentalandtrans-Europeannetworkprojectsinmemberstateswhosegrossdomesticproductislessthan90percentoftheEUaverage.Thefundcancontributeupto85percentofthepublicexpenditureonaproject.coinage(E4)Piecesofmetalofastandardsizeandweightstampedbyasovereignpowertogivethemthestatusofmoney.CoinswerefirstusedasmoneybytheLydians(GreekinhabitantsofwhatisnowWestTurkey)intheseventhcenturyBC.Thefirstcoinsweremadeofelectrum,anaturalalloyofgoldandsilver.Silver,bronzeandcopperwerelaterusedinAncientGreeceandtheRomanEmpire.Coppercoins,usedforsmalltransactions,wereissuedwithamonetaryvalueinexcessofthevalueofmetalused,establishingtheprincipleoftokenmoney,whichisthenatureofcoin-agetoday.Thefirstproblemsofcoinage,clippingandforgery,weresolvedbyachangeinproductionmethodfromham-meringtomillingtoensureastandardsize.Thesecondproblem,theinconveni-enceoftransportingittocarryoutlargefinancialtransactions,wasremediedbytheuseofbanknotes.coincidentindicators(E3)MeasuresofeconomicactivityusedbyeconomicforecasterstotrackcyclicalmovementsintheECONOMY.Themainonesusedareemploymentinnon-agriculturalenterprises,personalincomelesstransferpayments.andindicesoftotalindustrialproductionandmanufacturingandtradesales.Seealso:economicindicatorsColbertism(H2,L5,N4,N6)Governmentinterventioninindustry,namedaftertheFrenchMERCANTILISTJeanBaptisteColbert(1619–83)whosuccess-fullyreformedtheFrencheconomyafter1649.InFrance,thehomeofColbertism,thegovernment’sabilitytosubsidizein-dustryandfollowprotectionistpolicieshasbeenlimitedsinceentrytotheEur-opeanEconomicCommunityin1958.Seealso:dirigismecollaborative...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 3 pps
... avoid.Seealso:BankingAct1979;ResolutionTrustCorporationâ 2002 Donald Rutherford Cshare(G1)AChinesestockmarketshareownedonlybystate-ownedenterprises.Itisdenomi-natedandpayableineitherChineseorforeigncurrency.cultivatedcapital(E0,Q0)AhybridformofCAPITALcombininghu-man-madeandNATURALCAPITAL,e.g.food,woodandnaturalfibres.culturaleconomics(Z1)Theanalysisofthedemandforandproductionofliterature,music,opera,drama,paintingandsculpture.Thepecu-liaritiesofthelabourmarketfortheseperformersandproducersareanalysedandtheroleofpublicsubsidiesconsidered.ReferencesBaumol,W.J.andBowen,W.G.(1966)TheEconomicDilemma,NewYork:TheTwentiethCenturyFund.Peacock,A.andRizzo,I.(1994)CulturalEconomicsandCulturalPolicies,Dor-drecht:KluwerAcademic.Ruskin,J.(1857)ThePoliticalEconomyofArt,London:Smith,Elder.CulturalRevolution(N0)AchangeintheorganizationoftheChinesesocietyandeconomyinthelate1960sand1970s.Thisrevolutionchal-lengedtheDIVISIONOFLABOURpreviouslypractised,especiallybybreakingdownthedivisionbetweenthetownandcountry-side.Revolutionaryfactorycommitteesweresetuptoimplementchanges.Theseincludedusingfive-yearplansonlyasgeneralguidelines,requiringadministra-torstoworktwoorthreedaysperweekinmanualworkandsettingupofworkteamsinvolvedinmattersasdiverseasproductionplanning,assigningproductiontasks,establishingsafetyregulationsandmanagingwelfarefunds.Massactionwasusedtounifytheworkingclass.ReferencesBettelheim,C.(1974)CulturalRevolutionandIndustrialOrganizationinChina.ChangesinManagementandtheDivi-sionofLabour,trans.A.Ehrenfeld,NewYorkandLondon:MonthlyReviewPress.cumdividend(G2)Astockexchangesecuritywiththeentitle-menttoreceiveanimminentdividend.cumulativemultistagecascadesystem(H2)Asalestaxonthegrossvalueofacommodityateachstageofproduction.Itdoesnotallowarebateoftaxespaidatearlierstagesofproduction.ThistaxwasinforceinWestGermanyuntiltheendof1967,inLuxemburguntiltheendof1969andintheNetherlandsuntiltheendof1968.cumulativepreferenceshare(G1)seepreferencesharecumulativesecurity(G1)Astockexchangesecuritywhichaccumu-latesunpaidinterestorpreferencedivi-dendssothattheholderdoesnotsufferfromayearofpoorprofitability.Inreturnforthisgreatersecurityofincome,manycumulativePREFERENCESHARESarewithoutvotingrights.currenciesoftheworld(F3)seeAppendixAcurrency ... primarysector with better jobs and a secondarysector with inferior jobs. The primary sectorconsists of large firms offering training andhigh remuneration but the secondary sectorhas many small ... Theory of Capi-talist Development: Principles of Marx-ian Political Economy, chs 8–10, NewYork: Oxford University Press; London:D. Dobson.crisis management (H1, L2, Q2)Working out strategies...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 4 ppsx
... most taxallowances.â 2002 Donald Rutherford ReferencesCasson, R. (1986) Does Aid Work?, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Mosley, P. (1986) Overseas Aid: Its De-fence and Reform, Hemel Hempstead,Harvester ... Protectionism, Cam-bridge, MA: MIT Press.Corden, W.M. ( 1974) Trade Policy andEconomic Welfare, Oxford: ClarendonPress.free-trade area (F1)A group of independent nations with freetrade among ... DEMAND CURVE.ReferencesHall, R.L and Hitch, C.L. (1939) ‘Pricetheory and business behaviour’, Oxford Economic Papers 2: 12–45.full employment (E0, G2)The maximum use of aFACTOR OF PRODUC-TION,...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 5 potx
... Sadowski, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.—— (1987) Selected Essays on EconomicPlanning, Cambridge: Cambridge Uni-versity Press.Osiatinsky, J. (1990 onwards) The Col-lected Works of M. Kalecki, Oxford: Oxford ... The Structure of theAmerican Economy, 2nd edn, New York: Oxford University Press.—— (1986) Input-Output Economics, 2ndedn, New York: Oxford University Press.input trade (F1)International trade ... society.Seealso:Ginicoefficient;LorenzcurveReferencesAtkinson, A.B. (1982) The Economics ofInequality, 2nd edn, Oxford: ClarendonPress.Sen, A. (1997) On economic inequalilty,2nd edn, Oxford and New York: Clar-endon Press.Silber, J. (ed.) (1999)...
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Routledge Dictionary of Economics Second edition phần 6 doc
... the slope ofanINDIFFERENCE CURVE.ReferencesHicks, J.R. (1939) Value and Capital, ch. 1, Oxford: Oxford University Press.marginal rate of transformation (D2)The reduction in the amount of ... modern clothes is attribu-table toNOZICK.ReferencesNozick, R. (1975) Anarchy, State andUtopia, Oxford: Basil Blackwell.minimax (C7)Minimizing the maximum disadvantage; aGAMES THEORY principle ... problems’,Journal of Money, Credit and Banking1: 508–25.Newlyn, W.T. (1978) The Theory of Money,3rd edn, Oxford: Clarendon Press.money at call (E4, G1)The most liquid of banks’ assets aftercash. This...
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