... windy headlands,
Ledges of mist. Where and mountain
torrents
Downward plunge to dark abysses
And flow unseen.
Beowuef (printed in the modern alphabet)
The history of English begins a little ...
History of English is divided into three:
•
Old English (7th century-1100): is a language
rich with morphological ... alphabet)
The history of English begins a little after
A.D. 600. English is a Germanic Language
of the Indo –European Family
Indo –
European
English French Latin Greek Swedish Russian Hindi
...
... the Originof Life
Walter L. Bradley
1.
introduction
Darwin’s theory of evolution and the development of the Second Law of
Thermodynamics by Clausius, Maxwell, Boltzmann, and Gibbs are two of
the ... similar
to that of the theory of evolution in the life sciences. What is intriguing
is that the predictions of one seem to contradict the predictions of the
other. The Second Law of Thermodynamics ... the diversity of life in the biosphere, it is generally recognized
that the originof life is one of the great unsolved mysteries in science
(Radetsky1992; Wade 2000).
At the heart of this mystery...
... thylakoids in the absence of additives or
in the presence of 1 lm DCMU or dPQ over a range
of temperature from 15 °Cto25°C. The range of tem-
perature was set on the basis of the membrane trans-
ition ... superposition of the exponential rise to analyze
quantitatively the contribution of each phase. The
amplitude and rate constant of each of the three
phases can be calculated by deconvolution of the
traces ... series of succes-
sive events that lead to the progressive reduction of
the quinone molecules located on the acceptor side of
PSII [3].
The progressive reduction of the acceptor side of
PSII...
... leading to insertion of the TAA stop codon in
exon 3 of one of the vaspin A chain genes of V. a. zinnikeri
(data not shown). These four clones are inactive. The
existence of pseudogenes has also ... promoters.
Analysis of venom gland PLA2 cDNAs is currently
underway to determine which of these genes are expressed.
The presence in the neurotoxic snake of two ammodytin
I1 isoforms (In and Ia) and of several ... biological functions of PLA2. Some
genes were pseudogenes, inactivated by frameshifts or by
mutations leading to the presence of a stop codon in the
sequence. The level of expression of the functional...
... Milky Way consists of a flat disc of stars,
with a diameter of 80,000 light years and a thickness of 6000
light years. It also possesses a spherical halo of stars, with a
diameter of almost 100,000 ... grown out of the discovery of the cosmic microwave
radiation background in 1965.
Of course, the theory of the expansion of the universe is
an essential ingredient in our present view of the early ... proportion of
the universe.
The Expansion of the Universe 43
The motion of any typical galaxy in the Friedmann models
is precisely like that of a stone thrown upward from the
surface of the earth....
... three states, of indifference, of pleasure,
and of pain. Every one of these I can perceive without any sort of
idea of its relation to anything else. Caius is afflicted with a fit of
the colic; ... marks the state of an astonished mind, to
express the effect of either of simple fear or of astonishment; the
word attonitus (thunder-struck) is equally expressive of the
alliance of these ideas; ... words, if the nature of the language, framed for
the purposes of business rather than those of philosophy, and the
nature of my subject, that leads me out of the common track of
29
calamity;...
... understanding of the
evolutionary originof the MC receptor system and enhance
further studies on their many important physiological roles.
The high degree of conservation of MC receptors in teleosts
and ... using a fixed concentration of
2n
M
125
I-labelled NDP-MSH and varying concentrations of the nonlabeled competing peptide. Lines represent the computer-modeled best fit of
the data assuming that ... even before the appearance of vertebrates. The
conservation of the pharmacological properties and tissue
distribution pattern could demonstrate an early develop-
ment of a mechanism where a peptide...
... to define a notion of cov-
crs'ng, as with a semi-lattice, from which a strong princi-
ple of functional uniqueness is derivable (of. [Jackendoff
1985]). The mapping of a thematic role ... thematic relations were originally
conceived in terms of the argument positions of seman-
tic
predicates such as CAUSE and DO. * That is a verb
didn't simply have a list of labelled arguments ... Methodology of
Inductive Learning,", in Michalski et al (eds.), Ma-
chins Learning L
[13] Miller, George, "Dictionaries of the Mind" in Pro-
ceedings of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the...
... outbreak of tuberculosis in Spain (Soto et al., 2004). Many
copies of IS6110 has been found in or near of pe/ppe genes of M. tuberculosis strain 210,
responsible of several cases of tuberculosis ... (1→6)
mannose polymer of LM presents identical characteristics to the mannan backbone of
ManLAM. The mannan of LM is directly attached to position C-6 of the myo-inositol of its
MPI anchor. The ... Analysis of
mutations in PPE38 gene of M. tuberculosis clinical isolates representing all major
evolutionary lineages, show hypervariability of the PPE38 region consequence of the
combination of...
... appearance of ER-specific
proteins by means of paralogous multiplication may
indicate the originof ER per se. Similarly, multiplication
of the enzymes of DNA metabolism may be tied to the
origin of the ... convergent) originof the
insert itself (Fig. 3B). Apart from the originof the pro-
eukaryote, ValRS data shed light on the intriguing question
of the extent and evolutionary significance of LGT
[52,53,75,76]. ... data, when the issue of eukaryotic origin is
concerned [13,19,23,24].
Chimeric nature of the pro-eukaryote
Origin of eukaryotic energy metabolism
The fundamentally chimeric nature of eukaryotic genomes
is...
... (DA),
noradrenaline and adrenaline. These end products of
catecholamine synthesis are competitive inhibitors vs. BH
4
and lead to oxidation of the catalytic iron [8,9].
Analyses of truncated forms of ... crystallography in a
binary complex of truncated PAH with bound catechol-
amines
L
-DOPA, DA, noradrenaline and adrenaline [17].
The position of the amine group of the catecholamine
inhibitors is ... Deli-
neation of the catalytic core of phenylalanine hydroxylase and
identification of glutamate 286 as a critical residue for pterin
function. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 20369–20375.
Fig. 6. Hydroxylation of tyrosine...
... Tsuda
1
1
Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science, Himeji Institute of Technology, Kamigori, Akoh-Gun, Hyogo, Japan;
2
Department of Neurochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, ... and
vertebrate arrestins.
Fig. 1. Comparison of the amino acid sequences of Ci-Arr with some types of arrestins. The alignment of the deduced amino acid sequence of Ci-arr
and the typical animal arrestins ... cells on the right side of
the pigment cup of ocellus. No expression of Ci-arr gene
was detected in any other regions of the larva. The
expression pattern was identical to that of the opsin gene
Ci-opsin1...
... examinations of plant and animal populations, alleles at
groups of linked and unlinked genes are often found to be out of
Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. The non-random association of alleles at ... the originof crop species. In the first half of
the book, little effort is made to distinguish between natural and crop evolu-
tion, since both kinds of change occur through the reorganization of ... 1956). In this type of
analysis, the breeder makes a series of crosses between a group of parents
and compares their mean performance with that of their progeny. The mean
performance of each line in...
... aspects of the anatomy of elopomorphs are illustrated in Figs. 24,
25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30. Illustrations of the general shape of an elopiform
fish of the genus Elops and of an anguilliform fish of ... An illustration of the general shape of a fish of
the genus Salmo is given in Fig. 37. More detailed drawings of the
configuration of the osteological and myological structures of the cephalic
region ... morphological features
often given in general textbooks to support the monophyly of this taxon are
the enlargement of the basal elements of the pectoral fin, the unique
arrangement of the scales, the...