... g ij (25) (26) where γ > is the constant with dimension of the squared mass, α = is the dimensionless constant which specifies the rigidity of the string world sheet is the Laplace-Beltrami operator ... Hamilton description of the open rigid string Discussion of Hamilton formulation of dynamics of systems with reparametrization invariance, which is a special case of local gauge invariance, is complicated ... equationsof motion, of the boundary conditions and of the energy - momentum for the classical rigid string are reconserved Certain consequences of the equationsofmotion are presented We also point...
... (Lv,v )s ds = = = t vt (s, x),v (s, x) s − t t = v(t,x) 2 0,t s 0 ,s + ∇v (s, x), ∇v (s, x) s 0 ,s + d v (s, x) ds d v (s, x) ds v (s, x),v (s, x) v (s, x) ds ds (3.4) t v (s, x) + 1 ,s ds 1 ,s ds From this it follows that ... to investigation of problems of hydrodynamics Navier-Stokes systems, Editorial, Moscow, 2004 H Fujita and N Sauer, On existence of weak solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations in regions with ... A Solonnikov, Estimates of the solutions of the nonstationary Navier-Stokes system, Zap Nauˇ n Sem Leningrad Otdel Mat Inst Steklov (LOMI) 38 (1973), 153–231 (Russian) c , Estimates of the solution...
... comparison, it will be instructive to read Section 1.7 in which Zak presents an example of a cart with inverted pendulum Instead of using the Lagrangian equationsof motion, he applies Newtons law ... frictionless rails The the x position of the pendulum is x+ sin θ and the y position is cos θ, so the kinetic energy is 2 d d ˙ (x + sin θ) + m ( cos θ) (21) K = Mx + m 2 dt dt First taking ... = 1, 2, ∂xi (11) as asserted earlier Next, in Section 1.6, Zak extends the above analysis to generalized coordinates by expressing each of the xi in terms of new coordinates qi By the chain...
... EQUATIONSOFMOTION IN THE STATE AND CONFIGURATION SPACES A.1 EQUATIONSOFMOTIONOF DISCRETE LINEAR SYSTEMS A.1.1 Configuration space Consider a system with a single degree of freedom and assume ... m-dimensional space This space is usually referred to as the state space, because each point of this space corresponds to a given state of the system Remark A.3 The configuration space is a subspace ... in an even smaller subset of the configuration space A simple system with two degrees of freedom is shown in Fig A.1a; it consists of two masses and two springs whose behavior is linear in a zone...
... sin θ cos ψ cos φ cos ψ + sin φ sin θ sin ψ sin φ cosθ % sin φ sin ψ + cos φ sin θ cos ψ −sin φ cos ψ + cos φ sin θ sin ψ cos φ cosθ $ also called Direction Cosine Matrix (see supplement)" & ... cos φ % −sin φ $ cosθ ( sin φ (% % cos φ (% sin θ '$ −sin θ 0 cosθ cos ψ sin ψ & ( (% (% −sin ψ cos ψ ( (% '$ 0 ( ' # cosθ cos ψ cosθ sin ψ −sin θ % = % −cos φ sin ψ + sin φ sin θ cos ψ ... Direction Cosine Matrix (also called Rotation Matrix) " Supplemental Material " cos δ11 $ H = $ cos δ12 $ cos δ 13 # B I cos δ 21 cos δ 22 cos δ 23 cos δ 31 % ' cos δ 32 ' cos δ 33 ' & • Cosines of angles...
... cosθ cosψ ) u + ( − cos φ sin ψ + sin φ sin θ cosψ ) v + ( sin φ sin ψ + cos φ sin θ cosψ ) w yI = ( cosθ sin ψ ) u + ( cos φ cosψ + sin φ sin θ sin ψ ) v + ( − sin φ cosψ + cos φ sin θ sin ... & Rigid-Body EquationsofMotion Rigid-Body EquationsofMotion " (Euler Angles) " Point-Mass Dynamics " • Inertial rate of change of translational position" • Translational Position " ! u ... = ( − sin θ ) u + ( sin φ cosθ ) v + ( cos φ cosθ ) w • Rate of change of Angular Position " φ = p + ( q sin φ + r cos φ ) tan θ θ = q cos φ − r sin φ ψ = ( q sin φ + r cos φ ) sec θ Rigid-Body...
... Potential solutions A Applying Green s theorem to this latest equation, it can be shown that solutions can be obtained in terms of a sum of singularities, such as sources, vortices or doublets A Using ... decreased so that the flutter speed is now 511m /s Introduction to Aeroelasticity Matched flutter speed A The speed of sound is still 340m /s However, the new flutter speed is 511m /s A This flutter ... c " SS Iα % mxf = − $U∞ α + h + α ' m M∞ # m m & Introduction to Aeroelasticity Equationsofmotion A Substituting the lift and moment expressions into the aeroelastic equationsof motion...
... each strip becomes mxf Introduction to Aeroelasticity Full equationsofmotion Introduction to Aeroelasticity Aerodynamic state equationsofmotion •! As in the 2D case, the unsteady equationsof ... moments around the y=0 and x=xf axes Introduction to Aeroelasticity 3D Quasi-steady equationsofmotion •! The full 3D quasi-steady equationsofmotion are given by •! They can be solved as usual ... is replaced by its camber surface •! The surface itself is replaced by panels of mathematical singularities, solutions of Laplace s equation x c Hancock Model •! A simple 3D wing model is used...
... Introduction to Aeroelasticity Control surface pulses •! This method consists of impulsively moving one of the control surfaces and then bringing it back to zero •! Theoretically, it is supposed to be a ... analyse for stability •! However, high damping rates and lots of measurement noise can make this analysis difficult •! The repeatability of pulses is low Introduction to Aeroelasticity Oscillating ... control surfaces •! Instead of just pulsing the control surfaces, we oscillate them sinusoidally •! Three modes: –! Dwell: Oscillation at constant frequency and amplitude –! Frequency sweep: oscillation...
... and moment These are to be substituted into the structural equationsof motion: Introduction to Aeroelasticity Full aeroelastic equationsofmotion •! The equationsofmotion are second order, ... Aeroelasticity Equationsofmotion (1) •! The equationsofmotion can be obtained by inserting the expression for the total energy into Lagrange s equation Introduction to Aeroelasticity Equationsof ... The instantaneous aerodynamic forces depend not only on the instantaneous position of the airfoil but also on the position and strength of the wake vortices This means that instantaneous aerodynamic...
... added mass effects must be superimposed, exactly as was done in the quasi-steady case •! The complete equationsofmotion become Introduction to Aeroelasticity Unsteady equationsofmotion This type ... dynamics of the system states •! Equations (2) are 1st order ODEs They describe the dynamics of the aerodynamic states Introduction to Aeroelasticity Complete Equations (2) •! Here is the form of ... current state of the system but also on the history of the motion •! This history is stored in the aerodynamic states After all they are integrals Introduction to Aeroelasticity Solution of the ODEs...
... force is non-sinusoidal, F0=F0(!) •! The system s response to such a force is obtained as q0(!)=H(!)-1F(!) •! If F(!)=1 then the inverse Fourier Transform of q0(!) is the system s impulse response ... sinusoidal motion –! Yet Theodorsen aerodynamics can be used to calculate damped impulse responses •! Stability analysis is slow and and can be less accurate when performed on impulse responses •! ... domain responses •! Theodorsen analysis requires that the equationsofmotion are only valid at zero airspeed or at the flutter condition •! They are also valid in the case of forced sinusoidal...
... integrations •! A long sequence of hardcore integration sessions has been censored Such scenes are unsuitable for 2nd year Master students and middle-aged engineering professors •! The result on ... singularities: –! A free stream of speed U and zero angle of attack –! A pattern of sources of strength +2! on the top and surface of the flat plate, balanced by sources of strength -2! on the bottom surface ... asymmetric wings can also be handled •! If the motion is small (first assumption) then the flat wake assumption has little influence on the results Introduction to Aeroelasticity Basis of the model...
... has the same dimensions, structural stiffness and mass as the flat plate of the previous example Introduction to Aeroelasticity Exercise •! Using the quasi-steady aeroelastic equationsofmotion ... amplitudes remain constant Introduction to Aeroelasticity Supercritical Responses Solve the equationsofmotion for the time responses of the system from initial conditions ('(0)=5o) Time responses ... Aeroelasticity Critical System Response Solve the equationsofmotion for the time responses of the system from initial conditions ('(0)=5o) Time responses for U=18m /s Both pitch and plunge oscillation...
... Functional Equations in Several Variables Birkhäuser, Basel (1998) Hyers, DH, Isac, G, Rassias, ThM., et al: On the asymptoticity aspect of Hyers-Ulam stability of mappings Proc Am Math Soc 126, 425–430 ... doi:10.1016/j.jmaa.2007.02.009 Rassias, ThM, Tabor, J, (eds.): Stability of Mappings of Hyers-Ulam Type Hadronic Press Inc Florida (1994) Rassias, ThM: On the stability of the quadratic functional equation and its applications ... doi:10.1023/A:1006499223572 Rassias, ThM, (ed.): Functional Equations and Inequalities Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht (2000) Rassias, ThM: On the stability of functional equations in Banach spaces J Math Anal...
... cosθ cosψ ) u + ( − cos φ sin ψ + sin φ sin θ cosψ ) v + ( sin φ sin ψ + cos φ sin θ cosψ ) w yI = ( cosθ sin ψ ) u + ( cos φ cosψ + sin φ sin θ sin ψ ) v + ( − sin φ cosψ + cos φ sin θ sin ... Characteristic polynomial of the system " – is a scalar" – defines the system s modes of motion! sI − F = det ( sI − F ) ≡ Δ (s) = s n + an − 1s n −1 + + a 1s + a0 Rigid-Body Motionof a Linear, ... equation! s x (s) − Δx(0) = F Δx (s) + GΔ u (s) + LΔw (s) s x (s) − FΔ x (s) = Δx(0)+ GΔ u (s) + LΔw (s) • Combine terms! [ sI − F] Δx (s) = Δx(0)+ GΔ u (s) + LΔw (s) • Multiply both sides by inverse of (sI –...
... io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf ... r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf ... r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf r p io g z Ps z z le Pf...
... three laws that underpin all our subsequent understanding of the physics ofmotion First law (inertia) Newtons first law ofmotion states that every object that possesses weight will remain static ... has, if they have the latest version of the modelling software, what render engine they use and the use of collision dynamics, somehow seeing these issues as a substitute for an understanding of ... EXERCISE 1.1 – FLIP BOOK Aims The aim of this first exercise is to develop an understanding of the use of sequential images in the creation of animation and the principles of persistence of vision...
... always just as it was in the dear old years That 's foolish and sentimental and impossible So I shall immediately become wise and practical and possible The telephone, as Mr Harrison concedes, is `a ... ever.' It sounds quite romantic to be `slender,' but `skinny' has a very different tang." "Mrs Harmon has been talking about your trousseau She admits it 's as nice as Jane 's, although she says Jane ... matters of predestination," said Anne "At all events, Mrs Harmon Andrews can't say to you what she said to me when I came home from Summerside, `Well, Anne, you're just about as skinny as ever.'...
... designs for focused tasks: comprehension tasks, consciousness-raising tasks, and structure-based production tasks Elsewhere (Ellis, 2003a) presents a sequence of tasks for helping learners become more ... teachers: selector/sequencer of tasks, preparer of learners for task, pre-task consciousness raiser about form, guide, nurturer, strategy-instructor, and provider of assistance Cultural and linguistic ... this model, the exact sequence of any given task or set of tasks would depend on the learners' needs, which shape the goals of instruction Ellis (2003b) distinguishes between (a) unfocused tasks...