national institutes of health clinical center

... school year. Bruce A. Fuchs, Ph.D. Director Office of Science Education National Institutes of Health 1 The National Academy of Sciences released the National Science Education Standards in December ... You may also send your suggestions to Curriculum Supplement Series Office of Science Education National Institutes of Health 6100 Executive Boulevard, Suite 5H01 Bethesda, MD 20892 I hope ... discoveries being made at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and their effects on pub lic health. This set is being distributed to teachers around the country free of charge by the NIH to improve...

... other studies of the prevalence of health conditions among Hispanic children. 3,4,5 Prevalence of Children with Special Health Care Needs The National Survey of Children with Special Health Care ... 37 percent of CSHCN in poverty receive services compared to 22 percent of children with family incomes of 400 percent of poverty or more. Health Insurance Coverage The National Survey of Children ... percent of CSHCN received care that lacked one or more of the essential components of family-centered care. Among the general population of CSHCN, the most commonly lacking component of family-centered...

... thepopulation.Thenumberofwomen sherepresentsinthepopulationiscalled her‘‘samplingweight.’’Sampling weightsmayvaryconsiderablyfromthis averagevaluedependingonthe respondent’srace,theresponseratefor similarwomen,andotherfactors.As withanysamplesurvey,theestimatesin thisreportaresubjecttosampling variability.SignificancetestsonNSFG datashouldbedonetakingthesampling designintoaccount. Nonsamplingerrorswereminimized bystringentquality-controlprocedures thatincludedthoroughinterviewer training,checkingtheconsistencyof answersduringandaftertheinterview, imputingmissingdata,andadjustingthe samplingweightsfornonresponseand undercoveragetomatchnationaltotals. Estimatesofsamplingerrorsandother statisticalaspectsofthesurveyare describedinmoredetailinanother separatereport(13). Thisreportshowsfindingsby characteristicsofthewomaninterviewed, includingherage,maritalstatus, education,parity,householdincome dividedbythepovertylevel,andraceand Hispanicorigin.Ithasbeenshownthat blackandHispanicwomenhavemarkedly lowerlevelsofincome,education,and accesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance, thanwhitewomen(14).Theseandother factors,ratherthanraceororiginperse, probablyaccountfordifferencesinthe behaviorsandoutcomesstudiedinthis reportamongwhite,black,andHispanic women(15). TableBshowsafactorthatshould beconsideredininterpretingtrendsin pregnancy-relatedbehaviorintheUnited States:thechangingagecompositionof thereproductive-agepopulation.In 1982,therewere54.1millionwomenof reproductiveageintheUnitedStates;in 1988,57.9million;andin1995,60.2 million(16).Thelargebabyboom cohort,bornbetween1946and1964, was18–34yearsofagein1982,24–42 yearsofagein1988,and31–49years ofagein1995.Theselargebirthcohorts werepreceded(upto1945)and followed(1965–80)bysmallercohorts. Whiletheoverallnumberofwomen 15–44yearsofageroseby6million,or 11percentbetween1982and1995,the numberofteenagewomendroppedby about6percent,thenumberofwomen 20–24yearsofagedroppedby 15percent,andthenumberofwomen 25–29droppedby6percent(tableB).In contrast,thenumberofwomen30–44 yearsofageincreasedsharply—for example,thenumberofwomen40–44 yearsofageincreasedby59percent between1982and1995.Also,women 30–44yearsofageaccountedfor 54percentofwomen15–44yearsofage in1995comparedwith44percentin 1982.Thesedifferencesinage compositionmayberelevantwhenever timetrendsamongwomen15–44years ofagearebeingdiscussed. Publicusefilesbasedonthe1995 NSFGareavailableoncomputertape. TheywillalsobeavailableonCompact DiscRead-OnlyMemory(CD-ROM). Questionsaboutthecostandavailability ofthecomputertapesshouldbedirected totheNationalTechnicalInformation Service(NTIS),5285PortRoyalRoad, Springfield,VA22161,703–487-4650, or1–800-553-NTIS.Questionsregarding theCD-ROMfilesshouldbedirectedto NCHS’DataDisseminationBranchat 301–436-8500. Results T ables1–17containmeasuresof pregnancyandbirthintheUnited States. ChildrenEverBornandTotal BirthsExpected In1995,women15–44yearsof ageintheUnitedStateshadhadan averageof1.2birthsperwoman (table1).Thiscompareswith1.2in 1988and1.3in1982(17).In1995, women15–44yearsofageexpectedto finishtheirchildbearingwithan averageof2.2childrenperwoman (table1)comparedwith2.2in1988 and2.4in1982(17). Theproportionwhoreportthatthey haveneverbeenpregnantwasmarkedly higherforcollegegraduatesthanfor thosewhodidnotcompletehighschool (table3).Thissamepatternbyeducation isalsoseenwhendataforlivebirthsare examined(tables4–5):about49percent ofwomen22–44yearsofagewhohad graduatedfromcollegehadhadnolive birthsasofthedateofinterview comparedwithjust8percentofwomen 22–44yearsofagewithoutahigh schooldiploma(table4).Withinrace andHispanicorigingroups,thepattern wasthesame:collegegraduateshad markedlyhigherpercentschildlessthan womenwithlesseducation(table5). Table6showsacomparison betweenlivebirthsreportedinthe NSFGandlivebirthsregisteredonbirth certificatesintheyears1991–94.In eachindividualcalendaryearandfor thesumoftheyears1991–94,the NSFGestimateofthenumberofbirths isveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotal anddiffersfromitbylessthanthe NSFG’ssamplingerror.TheNSFG estimateisalsoverycloseforwhite women.TheNSFGestimateforblack womenisslightlylower,andthe estimateforotherracessomewhat higherthanthebirthcertificatedata.A discussionofthisdifferenceisgivenin thedefinitionof‘‘RaceandHispanic origin’’inthe‘‘DefinitionsofTerms.’’ Overall,andbycharacteristicsother thanrace,however,table6showsthat TableB.Numberofwomen,byage:UnitedStates,1982,1988,and1995 Age¬ ... thepopulation.Thenumberofwomen sherepresentsinthepopulationiscalled her‘‘samplingweight.’’Sampling weightsmayvaryconsiderablyfromthis averagevaluedependingonthe respondent’srace,theresponseratefor similarwomen,andotherfactors.As withanysamplesurvey,theestimatesin thisreportaresubjecttosampling variability.SignificancetestsonNSFG datashouldbedonetakingthesampling designintoaccount. Nonsamplingerrorswereminimized bystringentquality-controlprocedures thatincludedthoroughinterviewer training,checkingtheconsistencyof answersduringandaftertheinterview, imputingmissingdata,andadjustingthe samplingweightsfornonresponseand undercoveragetomatchnationaltotals. Estimatesofsamplingerrorsandother statisticalaspectsofthesurveyare describedinmoredetailinanother separatereport(13). Thisreportshowsfindingsby characteristicsofthewomaninterviewed, includingherage,maritalstatus, education,parity,householdincome dividedbythepovertylevel,andraceand Hispanicorigin.Ithasbeenshownthat blackandHispanicwomenhavemarkedly lowerlevelsofincome,education,and accesstohealthcareandhealthinsurance, thanwhitewomen(14).Theseandother factors,ratherthanraceororiginperse, probablyaccountfordifferencesinthe behaviorsandoutcomesstudiedinthis reportamongwhite,black,andHispanic women(15). TableBshowsafactorthatshould beconsideredininterpretingtrendsin pregnancy-relatedbehaviorintheUnited States:thechangingagecompositionof thereproductive-agepopulation.In 1982,therewere54.1millionwomenof reproductiveageintheUnitedStates;in 1988,57.9million;andin1995,60.2 million(16).Thelargebabyboom cohort,bornbetween1946and1964, was18–34yearsofagein1982,24–42 yearsofagein1988,and31–49years ofagein1995.Theselargebirthcohorts werepreceded(upto1945)and followed(1965–80)bysmallercohorts. Whiletheoverallnumberofwomen 15–44yearsofageroseby6million,or 11percentbetween1982and1995,the numberofteenagewomendroppedby about6percent,thenumberofwomen 20–24yearsofagedroppedby 15percent,andthenumberofwomen 25–29droppedby6percent(tableB).In contrast,thenumberofwomen30–44 yearsofageincreasedsharply—for example,thenumberofwomen40–44 yearsofageincreasedby59percent between1982and1995.Also,women 30–44yearsofageaccountedfor 54percentofwomen15–44yearsofage in1995comparedwith44percentin 1982.Thesedifferencesinage compositionmayberelevantwhenever timetrendsamongwomen15–44years ofagearebeingdiscussed. Publicusefilesbasedonthe1995 NSFGareavailableoncomputertape. TheywillalsobeavailableonCompact DiscRead-OnlyMemory(CD-ROM). Questionsaboutthecostandavailability ofthecomputertapesshouldbedirected totheNationalTechnicalInformation Service(NTIS),5285PortRoyalRoad, Springfield,VA22161,703–487-4650, or1–800-553-NTIS.Questionsregarding theCD-ROMfilesshouldbedirectedto NCHS’DataDisseminationBranchat 301–436-8500. Results T ables1–17containmeasuresof pregnancyandbirthintheUnited States. ChildrenEverBornandTotal BirthsExpected In1995,women15–44yearsof ageintheUnitedStateshadhadan averageof1.2birthsperwoman (table1).Thiscompareswith1.2in 1988and1.3in1982(17).In1995, women15–44yearsofageexpectedto finishtheirchildbearingwithan averageof2.2childrenperwoman (table1)comparedwith2.2in1988 and2.4in1982(17). Theproportionwhoreportthatthey haveneverbeenpregnantwasmarkedly higherforcollegegraduatesthanfor thosewhodidnotcompletehighschool (table3).Thissamepatternbyeducation isalsoseenwhendataforlivebirthsare examined(tables4–5):about49percent ofwomen22–44yearsofagewhohad graduatedfromcollegehadhadnolive birthsasofthedateofinterview comparedwithjust8percentofwomen 22–44yearsofagewithoutahigh schooldiploma(table4).Withinrace andHispanicorigingroups,thepattern wasthesame:collegegraduateshad markedlyhigherpercentschildlessthan womenwithlesseducation(table5). Table6showsacomparison betweenlivebirthsreportedinthe NSFGandlivebirthsregisteredonbirth certificatesintheyears1991–94.In eachindividualcalendaryearandfor thesumoftheyears1991–94,the NSFGestimateofthenumberofbirths isveryclosetothebirthcertificatetotal anddiffersfromitbylessthanthe NSFG’ssamplingerror.TheNSFG estimateisalsoverycloseforwhite women.TheNSFGestimateforblack womenisslightlylower,andthe estimateforotherracessomewhat higherthanthebirthcertificatedata.A discussionofthisdifferenceisgivenin thedefinitionof‘‘RaceandHispanic origin’’inthe‘‘DefinitionsofTerms.’’ Overall,andbycharacteristicsother thanrace,however,table6showsthat TableB.Numberofwomen,byage:UnitedStates,1982,1988,and1995 Age¬ ... 1995 National Survey of Family Growth. Vital Health Stat Series 2 (in preparation). 14. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Statistical abstract of the United States, 1996. Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce....

... and women’s health outcomes: Contextual data. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 23(23). 2003. statistics; no 238. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. ... reproductive health of U.S. women 15–44 years of age, based on Cycle 6 of the National Survey of Family Growth (NSFG), conducted in 2002. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National ... DC: National Academy Press. 1995. population aged 15–44: Results of the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. Advance data from vital and health statistics. Hyattsville, MD: National Center...

... Organization NHMIS National Health Management Information System NPHCDA National Primary Health Care Development Agency NPI National Programme on Immunization NMCP National Malaria Control Programme NMEF National ... Department of Public Health D(PHC) Department of Primary Health Care ENHANS E USAID Implementing Partner FANC Focused Ante-Natal Care FBO Faith Based Organization FMOH Federal Ministry of Health GDP ... defined in the National Malaria Strategic Plan will require a growth and strengthening of the capacity of programme management systems at all levels of the health system. The role of the NMCP...

... Clinical investigation of medicinal products in the pediatric population 54 Ministry of Health Canada 7 2008 The Royal Australasian College of Physicians’ Paediatric policy on ethics of ... for children in clinical investigation of FDA-regulated products 13 FDA US 22 2004 Textbook of clinical trials, chapter: clinical trials in pediatrics 8 Karlberg UK Survey of current guidance ... monitor the level of risk of a study and to give advice about early stopping of clinical trials. 23;51 Practical issues Only three guidelines addressed practical issues of clinical trials...

... years of schooling, yet 71% of females and 73% of males aged 15–19 had completed no more than seven. Only 23% of females and 22% of males aged 15–19 had attended secondary school at the time of ... Reproductive Health in Malawi 14 not withstanding, as a national survey on aspects of sexual and reproductive health, the 2004 MNSA pro- vides detailed information on sexual and reproductive health of ... than 90% of the respondents reported having heard about HIV/AIDS. Adolescents were aware of ways of reducing HIV transmission with 88% of fe- males and 91% of males citing abstinence, 68% of fe- males...

... Websites AmericanHospitalAssociationRural Health Care http://www.aha.org/advocacy-issues/rural CriticalAccessHospitals Center http://www.cms.gov /Center/ Provider-Type/Critical-Access- Hospitals -Center. html DisproportionateShareHospital http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service- Payment/AcuteInpatientPPS/dsh.html FederallyQualied Health Centers Center http://www.cms.gov /Center/ Provider-Type/Federally- Qualied -Health- Centers-FQHC -Center. html Health ResourcesandServicesAdministration http://www.hrsa.gov Hospital Center http://www.cms.gov /Center/ Provider-Type/Hospital- Center. html MedicareLearningNetwork® http://go.cms.gov/MLNGenInfo National Association of Community Health Centers http://www.nachc.org National Association of Rural Health Clinics http://www.narhc.org National Rural Health Association http://www.ruralhealthweb.org PhysicianBonuses http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service- Payment/HPSAPSAPhysicianBonuses RuralAssistance Center http://www.raconline.org Rural Health Clinics Center http://www.cms.gov /Center/ Provider-Type/Rural -Health- Clinics -Center. html SwingBedProviders http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service- Payment/SNFPPS/SwingBed.html Telehealth http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-General- Information/Telehealth U.S.CensusBureau http://www.census.gov Regional ... Resource Federally Qualied Health Centers http://www.cms.gov /Center/ Provider-Type/Federally- Qualied -Health- Centers-FQHC -Center. html on the CMS website Chapter 13 of the “Medicare Benet Policy ... Websites AmericanHospitalAssociationRural Health Care http://www.aha.org/advocacy-issues/rural CriticalAccessHospitals Center http://www.cms.gov /Center/ Provider-Type/Critical-Access- Hospitals -Center. html DisproportionateShareHospital http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service- Payment/AcuteInpatientPPS/dsh.html FederallyQualied Health Centers Center http://www.cms.gov /Center/ Provider-Type/Federally- Qualied -Health- Centers-FQHC -Center. html Health ResourcesandServicesAdministration http://www.hrsa.gov Hospital Center http://www.cms.gov /Center/ Provider-Type/Hospital- Center. html MedicareLearningNetwork® http://go.cms.gov/MLNGenInfo National Association of Community Health Centers http://www.nachc.org National Association of Rural Health Clinics http://www.narhc.org National Rural Health Association http://www.ruralhealthweb.org PhysicianBonuses http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service- Payment/HPSAPSAPhysicianBonuses RuralAssistance Center http://www.raconline.org Rural Health Clinics Center http://www.cms.gov /Center/ Provider-Type/Rural -Health- Clinics -Center. html SwingBedProviders http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service- Payment/SNFPPS/SwingBed.html Telehealth http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-General- Information/Telehealth U.S.CensusBureau http://www.census.gov Regional...

... help people with depression. 19 Women and Depression U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES National Institutes of Health NIH Publication No. 09 4779 Revised 2009 How does depression ... • Mental health specialists, such as psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, or mental health counselors. Health maintenance organizations (HMOs). Community mental health centers. Hospital ... encourage you to reproduce it and use it in your efforts to improve public health. Citation of the National Institute of Mental Health as a source is ap- preciated. However, using government materials...

... degree of accuracy. The use of genetic fingerprinting has increased our understanding of the epidemiology of TB transmission, rates of laboratory contamina- tion (see below) and the role of reinfection ... York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene NYPHL New York City Bureau of Public Health Laboratories PCR polymerase chain reaction PHA public health advisor PHI protected health information PIs ... component of TB control; it is the ongoing collection, analysis, interpretation and dissemination of health data essential to the development and evaluation of public health programs. The objectives of...

... supervision of, delegation of authority to, support for, training of, or participation in a private group practice with, a member or members of a particular class of health care practitioner or professional; ... a representative of consumers on its governing body. Secretary means the Secretary of Health and Human Services and any other officer or employee of the Department of Health and Human Services ... with section 7 of the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U.S.C. 552a note), (v) Date of birth, (vi) Name of each professional school attended and year of graduation, (vii) For each professional license:...

... statistics. As of 2009, Series 3 also includes studies based on surveys that are not part of continuing data systems of the National Center for Health Statistics and international vital and health ... Surveys—This type of report contains statistics on health and health- related topics collected in special surveys that are not part of the continuing data systems of the National Center for Health Statistics. ... the National Surv e y of Children’ s Health, 2007 Data Evaluation and Methods Research U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Center...

... l Children’s Oral Health in the Health Home l MAY 2011 About the National Maternal and Child Oral Health Policy Center The National Maternal and Child Oral Health Policy Center was created ... oral health and preventing dental caries can advance health homes using a variety of strategies, many of which are outlined below. 36 The National Maternal and Child Oral Health Policy Center ... development of Accountable Care Organizations. TRENDNOTES National Maternal and Child Oral Health Policy Center 7 l Children’s Oral Health in the Health Home l MAY 2011 As a result of these...

... Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’’; (7) in the heading of subpart 7 of part C of title IV (42 U.S.C. 285g et seq.), by striking the term ‘ National Institute of ... ‘‘Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’’; (4) in section 409D(c)(1) (42 U.S.C. 284h(c)(1)), by striking ‘ National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’’ ... Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development’’; (5) in section 424(c)(3)(B)(vi) (42 U.S.C. 285b–7(c)(3)(B)(vi)), by striking ‘ National Institute of Child Health and...

... females (33% of females, compared with 16% of males), distantly followed by fathers (13% of females and 12% of males). As indicated in Chart 3.5, two out of three females and four out of five males ... collection of the National Survey of Adolescents, which provides data on 12–19-year-olds in Ghana. This nationally rep- resentative household survey on the sexual and repro- ductive health of adolescents ... In- stitute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research of the University of Ghana, Legon, in collaboration with ORC Macro, the Department of Geography and Tourism of the University of Cape Coast...