... suggested that cell-free translation systems might be used as the
fundamental basis for cell-like systems. We review recent progress in the
field of cell-free translation systems and describe their ... regeneration system
Enzymes
Substrates
(PEP/PK system
CP/CK system etc.)
ATP/GTP
Translation factor
Initiation factor
Elongation factor
Termination factor
Fig. 1. The cell-free protein synthesis system. ... cell-free translation
system capable of producing polypeptides in high yield.
Science 242, 1162–1164.
4 Kim DM & Choi CY (1996) A semicontinuous prokar-
yotic coupled transcription ⁄ translation system...
... to translation engine
for analysis till the complete input text is read
and processed.
2.6 Translation Engine
The translation engine is the main component
of our Machine Translation system. ... in Machine
Translation Systems, Language In India, Volume 9,
November Issue, pp. 138-150.
Goyal V., Lehal G.S. 2009a. A Machine
Transliteration System for Machine Translation
System: An Application ... Hindi to
Punjabi Machine Translation System. International
Journal of Translation. (Accepted, In Print).
Goyal V., Lehal G.S. 2011a. Hindi to Punjabi
Machine Translation System. In Proc.: International...
... Mining for Translation of Web
Queries: A Transitive Translation Approach. ACM
Transactions on Information Systems 22(2): 242-
269.
Zhang, Ying, Fei Huang, and Stephan Vogel. 2005.
Mining translations ... the web for
automated translation extraction in cross-language
information retrieval. SIGIR 2004: 162-169.
Appendix A. Some Failure Cases of Our
System
GN Top 1 Correct Translation Rank
海珊 ... identify corresponding translation in
detail in the next section.
3 Chinese-to-English NE Translation
As we have mentioned in the last section, we
could find most English translations in Chinese...
... Translation System
Ian Marshall,
´
Eva S
´
af
´
ar
School of Information Systems
University of East Anglia
im@sys.uea.ac.uk, es@sys.uea.ac.uk
Abstract
We demonstrate a text to sign language
translation ... 2001).
Semi-automatic translationsystem from individual
English sentences to such a sign language gesture
notation has been demonstrated (self identifyinh ref-
erences). Here, extension of this system to ... system currently is the absence of non-
manual components of signing, though the SL gen-
eration has been designed to be extended in this di-
rection in the future. The functionality of the system
is...
... with an improved system. We compared
the consensus translation with this new translation
(last line of Table 2). It can be observed that the
consensus translation based on the MT systems
developed ... combined translations
produced by 5 different MT systems. Table 2
shows the performance of the best and the worst of
these systems in terms of the BLEU score. The re-
sults for the consensus translation ... sin-
gle systemtranslation in terms of all error mea-
sures.
We also checked how many sentences in the
consensus translation of the test corpus are differ-
ent from the 5 original translations....
... 'working
principles', intended to be helpful for systematic re-
search on translation and for the actual construction
of translation systems.
The principles are discussed here to the extent ... papers
on the Rosetta translationsystem that were submitted to
the European ACL Conference 1987, i.e. 'Subgrammars and
Rule Classes in the Rosetta Translation System& apos; by Appelo ... Machine Translation the state of the art, Edinburg Uni-
versity
Press.
Leermakers, R. and J. Rous
(1986),
The Translation
Method of Rosetta, Computers and Translation, Voh 1,...
... 2002) correlations are also incorporated
in our system combination. Given M system outputs
e
1
e
M
, M BLEU scores are computed for d using
each of the system outputs e
m
as a reference
h
m
b
(d) ... joint workshop on sta-
tistical machine translation and metrics for machine
translation. In Proceedings of the Joint Fifth Workshop
on Statistical Machine Translation and MetricsMATR,
pages 17–53, ... syntactic consensus to system combina-
tion by encoding multiple system outputs into a sin-
gle forest structure. We believe that the confusion
forest based approach to system combination has
future...
... users to
post-edit machine translation output. However, nei-
ther of these systems are able to take advantage of
the user validated translations.
3 Interactive Machine Translation
IMT can be seen ... state-of-the-art
SMT system is employed in the following way. For
a given source sentence, the SMT system automati-
cally generates an initial translation. A human trans-
lator checks this translation ... systems. The batch IMT system
is a conventional IMT system which is not able to
take advantage of user feedback after each trans-
lation is performed. The online IMT system uses
the translations validated...
...
Segmentation upon ON Translation
In order to evaluate the influence of segmentation
results upon the statistical ON translation system,
we compare the results of two translation models.
One ... of Table 5) by
using our Chinese-English ON translation system.
Transforming the translation problem into the
problem of searching for the correct translation
equivalent in web pages has three ... translating complex ONs.
3 The Framework of Our System
The Framework of our ON translationsystem
shown in Figure 1 has four modules.
Figure 1. System framework
1) Chunking-based ON Segmentation...
... PARALLEL MULTIPLE CONTEXT-FREE GRAMMARS, FINITE-STATE
TRANSLATION SYSTEMS, AND POLYNOMIAL-TIME RECOGNIZABLE
SUBCLASSES OF LEXICAL-FUNCTIONAL GRAMMARS
Hiroyuki ... been proposed, but they were
shown to generate an AlP-complete language. Fi-
nite state translation systems (fts') were intro-
duced as a computational model of transforma-
tional grammars. ... in (Kasami 1988a)(Seki 1991) as
natural extensions of cfg's. The subsystem of
lin-
ear context-free rewriting systems (Icfrs')
(Vijay-
Shanker 1987) which deals with only strings...
...
understand the texts they translate (Slocum 1985).
Moreover, knowledge-based translation systems are
less practical than systems based on direct and transfer
methods. Wilks (1973) states that " ... understanding required in
general by a machine translationsystem is difficult,
the. level clearly depends on the languages, the text
type and the tasks involved in translation. INSTRA
was designed with ... High Level Memory Structures and
Text Coherence in Translation. Proceedings of
LICAI-1981.
Yoshii, R. 1986. JETR: A Robust Machine Translation
System. Doctoral dissertation, University of
California,...
... News Translation System
In this section, we describe our statistical machine
translation (SMT) service based on the open-
source toolkit Moses (Koehn et al., 2007) and its
adaptation to translation ... PBSMT system in our
translation service, because it is four times faster.
Which training data can we use? It is known
in statistical machine translation that more train-
ing data implies better translation. ... 2009. Auto-
matic construction of multilingual name dictionar-
ies. Learning Machine Translation, pages 59–78.
MIT Press - Advances in Neural Information Pro-
cessing Systems Series (NIPS).
A. Rafalovitch...
... this paper a descriptive
framework for translating speaker's meaning in a
dialogue translation system. This framework is
based on two notions, Illocutionary Force types
and Decision Parameters, ... of Speech Acts. Cambridge Univ. Press.
Ts~ii, J. and M. Nagao, 1988, "Dialogue Translation vs.
Text Translation -hlterpretation Based Approach-", Proc. of
Coling 88.
Yoshimoto, Kei, ... conventional machine translation
procedure, speaker's meaning can be analyzed
and generated, without passing through transfer,
by means of IFTs and DPs. Here, we do not
pursue machine translation...
... determining the qual-
ity of translation lies with the MT research personnel.
I believe that the only meaningful criterion which can
be applied to machine translation, or human translation
for that ... automatic translation from the Rus-
sian point of view states: “On the whole one may say
that a machine translation needs approximately the
same amount of editing as a man-made translation . ... greater capacity, or the creation of
110
[
Mechanical Translation
, Vol.6, November 1961]
The Parameters of an Operational Machine TranslationSystem
by Paul W. Howerton, Deputy Assistant Director,...
... four systems, as
listed in Table 2, they are phrase-based system
Moses (Koehn et al., 2007), hierarchical phrase-
based system (Chiang, 2007), BTG-based lexica-
lized reordering phrase-based system ... alignment-based
tree-to-tree translationsystem (Zhang et al.,
2008). Each system for the same task is trained
on the same data set.
4.2 Experiments setting
For each system, we used the top 10 ... Machine Translation Systems. In Pro-
ceedings of COLING 2008, pp. 33–40. Manchester,
Aug.
S. Bangalore, G. Bordel, and G. Riccardi. 2001.
Computing consensus translation from multiple
machine translation...