... = width of beam D = dead load E = modulus of elasticity h = depth of member, blacktop thickness I = momentof inertia I cr = momentof inertia at cracked section Ie = effective momentof inertia ... moment diagram where the cracking moment Mcr is exceeded in the positive moment region Calculation of effective momentof inertia should be based on maximum moment conditions in all regions of ... inertia Ig = momentof inertia of gross concrete section Temperature-Induced Deflections k = constant L = Live load, span length M = bending moment Mcr = cracking moment n = distance of neutral...
... forces ofconcrete and reinforcement, the depth of the concrete compression zone can be calculated Then the moment capacity can be calculated by integrating the moment contributions ofconcrete ... compression stress–strain relationshipofconcrete should be able to consider the effects of confined concrete (for example, Mander et al [7]) The resulting axial force and momentofconcrete and reinforcement ... development of an ultimate curvature, φu , based on moment- curvature analysis of the critical sections considering reinforcement strainhardening and concrete confinement as appropriate Ultimate curvature...
... humidity of environment, age ofconcrete and crack level of concrete, as shown in Eq 2.18 A new model “LifeConBridge” was successfully formulated to predict the service life ofreinforcedconcrete ... service life ofreinforcedconcrete structures due to chloride penetration - Code T2013-CT-23; 4/ Dinh, D.V and Cau, B.T., “A predictive pattern of the service life ofreinforcedconcrete structures” ... service life of structures relating to reinforcement corrosion” The author proposed a two-stage model of the service life ofreinforcedconcrete structures, which considered D as a constant of time...
... American Concrete Institute 307-69 Specification for the Design and Construction ofReinforcedConcrete Chimneys 307-88 Standard Practice for the Design and Construction of Cast-in-Place ReinforcedConcrete ... of the Across-Wind Response of Chimneys,” Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, V 14, Amsterdam, 1985, pp 153166 Rumman, W S., ReinforcedConcrete Chimneys,” Handbook ofConcrete ... Strength Design ofReinforcedConcrete Chimneys,” ACI JOURNAL, Proceedings V 74, No 4, Apr 1977, pp 179-184 24 Hognestad, E., “Study of Combined Bending and Axial Load in ReinforcedConcrete Members, ”...
... ratio of area of vertical outside face reinforcement to total area ofconcrete shell (Chapter 6) ratio of area of circumferential outside face reinforcement per unit of height to total area ofconcrete ... STV = = (6-1b) thermal coefficient of expansion ofconcrete and of reinforcing steel, to be taken as 0.0000065 per F (0.0000117 per C) modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi (MPa) – ρn(γ1 + 1) ... of two sets of cylinders (consisting of three specimens each) per 8-hr shift (slipform) or per lift (jump form) For precast sections, a minimum of two sets shall be taken from each class of concrete...
... modulus of elasticity ofconcrete modulus of elasticity ofconcrete at transfer of stress modulus of elasticity of prestressing strand modulus of elasticity of steel flexural stiffness of compression ... of the balanced conditionload momentrelationship clear span length of slab (Chapter 10) length of short span of slab length of long span of slab effective width ofconcrete slab resisting wheel ... degree of fixity in the foundation (Chapter 11) ratio of stiffness of column to stiffness ofmembers at B end resisting column bending average ratio of stiffness of column to stiffness of members...
... of HS-20 and HL-93 Load Models for Calculation of Maximum Positive Moment 63 Table 2-6 Ratio of Mean Maximum Moments to HL-93 Moments 65 Table 2-7 Causes of Deterioration of ... 4-3 Histogram of Number of Girders 185 Figure 4-4 Histogram of Deck Width 185 Figure 4-5 Plot of Convergence of Monte Carlo Results as a Function of the Number of Trials ... 61 vii 2.7 Consideration of Continued Degradation 68 2.7.1 Modes ofReinforcedConcrete Degradation 68 2.7.2 Corrosion of Steel in Concrete 69 2.7.2.1 Carbonation-Induced...
... behaviour ofconcrete under rapid loading Exploring the similarities of theories for the creep and dynamic behaviour ofconcrete is beneficial in view of the application of creep models for concrete ... Stress-Strain Relation For Concrete 19 Figure 2.1 Strain Development ofConcrete under Creep Phenomena 39 Figure 2.2 Components ofConcrete Deformation at Creep 39 Figure 2.3 Components ofConcrete Deformation ... Cross-section of the Specimen member a Specific contents of aggregate ofconcrete C (t , t ' ) Specific creep function C0 Creep compliance rate c Specific contents of cement ofconcrete C Creep...
... series, B1 has 31 MPa of compressive strength of concrete, while B2 has 41 MPa of compressive strength of concrete, and the third series B3 has 39 MPa of compressive strength ofconcrete Two 12 mm ... compressive concrete strength that were determined by compressive test ofconcrete cylinders as show in Figure 3.3 3117447484 Figure 3.3 Details ofconcrete prisms Fabrication ofconcrete prisms All concrete ... strengths ofconcrete substrate (31, 41 and 39 MPa) were determined under compressive test ofconcrete cylinders 31 3.3.2.1 Test specimens The materials, size ofconcrete prism and process of fabrication...
... compressive softening of a concrete cube and crack interaction in a beam 1.3 Objective scope of study A composite model is used to represent the heterogeneity of plain concrete consisting of coarse ... the history of fiber reinforcedconcrete (FRC) and the modelling of its behaviour in light of fracture mechanics 2.2 A review of fracture mechanics and quasibrittle models The advent of fracture ... Linear Complementarity Problem FRC = Fibre ReinforcedConcrete SFRC = Steel Fibre ReinforcedConcrete NSC = Normal Strength Concrete HSC = High Strength Concrete TPB = Three-Point Bending FEM =...
... CONCLUSION General Overview ofreinforcedconcrete corrosion under the effect of chloride ion The reinforcedconcrete structure is corroded very fast under the effect of chloride ion in marine ... inhibitor 30% of solid calcium nitrite solution Material and research methodology Testing samples 1.Extract of cement water Reinforcedconcrete samples Material and research methodology Extract of cement ... in concrete Determine the appropriate content of calcium nitrite as Extract of Cement water : Concrete grade M20, M30,M50: -W/C = 0,6; pH = 12,2 -[Cl-]: 1,2kg; 2,4kg and 6kg /m3 -Thickness of...
... place of sh and the specified yield strength of stirrups in place of fyh Center-to-center spacing of stirrups should not exceed the smallest of 1/4 of the beam width, six times the diameter of longitudinal ... “Application of Headed Bars in Concrete Members, ” PhD dissertation, The University of Texas at Austin, Dec., 303 pp Beckingsale, C W., 1980, “Post-Elastic Behavior ofReinforcedConcrete Beam-Column ... Popov, E P., 1977, “Seismic Behavior of Ductile Moment- Resisting ReinforcedConcrete Frames,” ReinforcedConcrete Structures in Seismic Zones, SP-53, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills,...
... center of bar to extreme tension fiber, in modulus of elasticity of concrete, ksi modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, ksi effective modulus of elasticity of steel to that ofconcrete modulus of ... of concrete, psi stress in reinforcement, ksi steel stress after crack occurs, ksi compressive strength of concrete, psi tensile strength of concrete, psi the ratio of modulus of elasticity of ... the well-known effective momentof inertia concept Both of these approaches appear to be acceptable for the analysis of onedimensional members CRACKING OFCONCRETEMEMBERS IN DIRECT TENSION...
... derailment, kip (kN) Base of Napierian logarithms Modulus of elasticity of concrete, psi (Pa) 358.1R-3 Section 5.6.3 Eci = Modulus of elasticity ofconcrete at Es = Modulus of elasticity of reinforcement, ... intended and unintended (wobble) curvature in the tendons c elastic shortening ofconcrete d creep ofconcrete e shrinkage ofconcrete f relaxation of steel The amount of prestress loss due to these ... section 5.7.3.2 -Long-Term Camber/Deflection Icr = momentof inertia of cracked section transformed to concrete, in (m4) Ig = momentof inertia of gross concrete section about the centroidal axis, neglecting...
... perimeter of the slab critical section, in dimension of the column transverse to the direction ofmoment transferred to the column, in dimension of the column transverse to the direction ofmoment ... is the ratio of the lengths of the sides of the slab critical section measured parallel and transverse to the direction ofmoment transfer, respectively The shear stresses due to moment transfer ... 4.3.2 Moment transfer strength is the smaller of the following: (a) Design flexural strength of the slab at the face of the support over a width equal to that of the column strip (b) Sum of the...
... that both of these vibration-type tests measure essentially the same characteristic of the freshly mixed concrete The exact nature of the relationships of Fig and will vary from one concrete to ... resistance ofconcrete at an early age has prompted the proposal of several methods These involve measurement of the length and width ofconcrete cracks Ring, rectangular, square, and combinations of ... Length Change of Drilled or Sawed Specimens of Cement Mortar and Concrete Standard Test Method of Abrasion Resistance ofConcrete by Sandblasting Standard Test Method for Static Modulus of Elasticity...