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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "Efficient Parsing for Bilexical Context-Free Grammar sand Head Automaton Grammars*" pptx

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... probabilistic model of link grammar. In Proc. of the AAAI Conf. on Probabilistic Approaches to Nat. Lang., October. D. Magerman. 1995. Statistical decision-tree mod- els for parsing. In Proceedings ... find is defined as the product of the prob- abilities of all productions used to condition in- ference rules in the proof tree. The highest- probability derivation for any item can be re- ... A[a] is accompanied by a probability distribu- tion over productions of the form A[a] + ~. A T is just a derivation (proof tree) of lZ~n ,.o parse and its probability like that of any...
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Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học:

Tài liệu Báo cáo khoa học: "A Framework for Processing Partially Free Word Order" ppt

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... concerned with choosing a formalism for an extended semantic component, but rather with demonstrating where the syntax has to provide for those elements of discourse information that influence ... diseo~se. The 1D/LP format, which has the mechanisms to handle free word order, has been extended to account for the interaction of syntax and prag- mat.its, as well as for the mutually competing ... Framework for Processing Partially Free Word Order* Hans Uszkoreit Artificial Intelligence Center SRI International 333 Ravenswood Avenue Menlo Park, CA 94025 Abstract The partially free word...
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... ngôn ngữ tức là C được sử dụng cho các mikroC PRO cho PICtrình biên dịch. Trong trường hợp này, trình biên dịch được sử dụng cho lập trình vi điều khiển PIC. Dù sao, lưu ý này đề cập đến chi ... (EEPROM)Nội dung của EEPROM có thể được thay đổi trong quá trình hoạt động (tương tự như RAM), nhưng vẫn còn lưu vĩnh viễn ngay cả sau khi mất quyền lực (tương tự như ROM). Theo đó, EEPROM ... trong bảng trên trang trước đó, ngoại trừ '16-bit monsters' PIC 24FXXX và PIC 24HXXX-tất cả các vi điều khiển PIC có kiến trúc Harvard 8-bit và thuộc một trong ba nhóm lớn. Như vậy,...
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Báo cáo khoa học:

Báo cáo khoa học: "Optimal rank reduction for Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems with Fan-Out Two" pot

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... LCFRSs’productions (Kuhlmann and Satta, 2009). Thisprocess is called production factorization. Pro- duction factorization is very similar to the reduc-tion of a context -free grammar production ... algorithm for opti-mal reduction of the length of productionright-hand side in LCFRSs with fan-out atmost 2. This results in asymptotical run-ning time improvement for known parsingalgorithms for ... of space prevents us from providing theproof of the following property. For any E ∈ Ethat contains more than one edge, |out(E)| ≤ 2and |in(E)| ≥ 2. This allows us to prove our up-per bound...
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... your program ready to test or youmay have the entire program ready for testing. Testing is where you execute theprogram and act as a user for your program. You will provide data to yourprogram ... willprocess your programs and what types of resources you have available as aprogrammer. The next topic involved programming languages. Programminglanguages are the artificial languages that programmers ... introduction to the process that isused for developing software. Whether you are developing software for aFortune 500 company, for a small startup, for a class, or just for fun, you willuse...
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The Harvard Classics Volume 38, by Various Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this pdf

The Harvard Classics Volume 38, by Various Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing this pdf

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Báo cáo khoa học:

Báo cáo khoa học: "Optimal Head-Driven Parsing Complexity for Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems" docx

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... polynomial time algorithm for factor-izing LCFRSs in order to minimize time complexitywould imply an improved approximation algorithm for the well-studied graph-theoretic property knownas treewidth. ... possible.Since parsing problems can be cast in terms oflogic programming (Shieber et al., 1995), we notethat our problem can be thought of as a type ofquery optimization for logic programming. Queryoptimization ... andspace-complexity problems to be NP-hard for head-driven strategies. We provide what is to our knowl-edge the first NP-hardness result for a grammar fac-torization problem, which we hope...
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Báo cáo khoa học:

Báo cáo khoa học: "An Optimal-Time Binarization Algorithm for Linear Context-Free Rewriting Systems with Fan-Out Two" ppt

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... algorithm for transforming LCFRSwith fan-out at most 2 into a binary form,whenever this is possible. This resultsin asymptotical run-time improvement for known parsing algorithms for this class.1 ... algorithms for parsing based onLCFRS the crucial goal is therefore to optimizethe term f · (r + 1).In practical natural language processing applic-ations the fan-out of the grammar is typicallybounded ... output binarizationof an LCFRS production.2 Linear context -free rewriting systemsWe briefly summarize here the terminology andnotation that we adopt for LCFRS; for detaileddefinitions, see (Vijay-Shanker...
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Free Software tools for embedded systems

Free Software tools for embedded systems

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... ) and can boot several operating systems (Linux, uClinux, and others)Softgun: http://softgun.sourceforge.netVirtual ARM system with many virtual on­board peripherals. Boots Linux.SWARM ­ Software ARM ­ arm7 emulatorhttp://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mwd24/phd/swarm.htmlCan run uClinux13 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008klibchttp://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc/“Kernel C library”Tiny and minimalistic C library designed for use in an initramfs at boot time (alternative to initrds).Fine for the creation of simple shell scripts.Ships with small executables for use in shells, built with klibc,and a klcc compiler to compile your own applications.Not elaborate enough to support BusyBox applications.Useful details in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klibc19 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (1)ARMCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux, EABI and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/arm/Also available for Windows workstations.MIPShttp://www.linux­mips.org/wiki/Toolchains (useful links)6 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Training contents (3)AnnexesAutomatic system generation with BitBake / OpenEmbedded33 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Other emulatorsColdFire emulatorhttp://www.slicer.ca/coldfire/Can boot uClinux37 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Minicom (1)Definition: serial communication programAvailable in all GNU / Linux distributionsCapabilities (all through a serial link):Serial console to a remote Unix systemFile transferModem control and dial­upSerial port configuration50 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Denx Software Engineeringhttp://denx.deCreated by Wolfgang Denk,the author of the U­Boot bootloader.Create and support the Embedded Linux Development Kit (ELDK),a complete and well documented development environment.This kit is not only Free Software,it can be downloaded freely by anyone.A great community member and contributor!15 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008 Free Software tools for embedded systemsGNU / Linux workstationCross­compiling toolchains9 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008uClibchttp://www.uclibc.org/ from CodePoet ConsultingLicense: LGPLLightweight C library for small embedded systems, with most features though.The whole Debian Woody was ported to it ... ) and can boot several operating systems (Linux, uClinux, and others)Softgun: http://softgun.sourceforge.netVirtual ARM system with many virtual on­board peripherals. Boots Linux.SWARM ­ Software ARM ­ arm7 emulatorhttp://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/~mwd24/phd/swarm.htmlCan run uClinux13 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008klibchttp://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/libs/klibc/“Kernel C library”Tiny and minimalistic C library designed for use in an initramfs at boot time (alternative to initrds).Fine for the creation of simple shell scripts.Ships with small executables for use in shells, built with klibc,and a klcc compiler to compile your own applications.Not elaborate enough to support BusyBox applications.Useful details in  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klibc19 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (1)ARMCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux, EABI and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/arm/Also available for Windows workstations.MIPShttp://www.linux­mips.org/wiki/Toolchains (useful links)6 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Training contents (3)AnnexesAutomatic system generation with BitBake / OpenEmbedded33 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Other emulatorsColdFire emulatorhttp://www.slicer.ca/coldfire/Can boot uClinux37 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Minicom (1)Definition: serial communication programAvailable in all GNU / Linux distributionsCapabilities (all through a serial link):Serial console to a remote Unix systemFile transferModem control and dial­upSerial port configuration50 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Denx Software Engineeringhttp://denx.deCreated by Wolfgang Denk,the author of the U­Boot bootloader.Create and support the Embedded Linux Development Kit (ELDK),a complete and well documented development environment.This kit is not only Free Software,it can be downloaded freely by anyone.A great community member and contributor!15 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008 Free Software tools for embedded systemsGNU / Linux workstationCross­compiling toolchains9 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008uClibchttp://www.uclibc.org/ from CodePoet ConsultingLicense: LGPLLightweight C library for small embedded systems, with most features though.The whole Debian Woody was ported to it ... Support servicesUseful if you don't have your own support resourcesLong term support commitment, even for versions considered as obsolete by the community, but not by your users!44 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Commercial toolsetsCaution: commercial doesn't mean proprietary!Vendors play fair with the GPL and do make their source code available to their users, and most of the time, to the community.As long as they distribute the sources to their users, the GPL doesn't require vendors to share their sources with any third party.No issue with all the GPL sources developed by or with the community.Graphical toolkits developed by the vendors look proprietary. Their licenses are not advertised on their websites! You have to be a customer to know or get a free preview kit to know.35 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008 Free Software tools for embedded systemsGNU / Linux workstationVarious tools34 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Emulators ­ SummarySystem emulatorsUseful to experiment with a full system, including the kernelqemu: x86, x86_64, arm, sparc, ppc, mipsSkyEye: several arm architecturesUser emulatorsUseful to run or debug user space binaries for other CPUsqemu: x86, arm, sparc, ppc, mips20 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Platform specific toolchains (2)ColdfireCode Sourcery (supports ELF, GNU/Linux and uClinux):http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/coldfirePowerPCCode Sourcery (supports GNU/Linux and EABI)http://www.codesourcery.com/gnu_toolchains/power.html49 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Sysgo ­ Koan Softwarehttp://sysgo.comELinOS development toolset,in particular based on Eclipseand the Linux Trace Toolkit.Includes FreeToolBox, a freely downloadable compiling and rootfs creating toolchain.Supports i386, arm and ppc.Hard real­time support with their own microkernel (PikeOS),an approach similar to RTAI.http://koansoftware.comMakers of KaeilOS(http://koansoftware.com/kaeilos/), a GPL embedded Linux distribution for industrial applications.KaeilOS supports i386 and popular arm platforms. Other platforms supported upon request.Includes several graphical toolkits and supports hard real­time (RTAI, Xenomai, preemption patches).Unfortunately, KaeilOS is GPL but not available for public download. 16 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Standalone toolchain buildBuilding a cross­compiling toolchain by yourself is a difficult and painful task! Can take days or weeks!Lots of details to learn. Several components to build(building gcc twice: once for gcc + once for compilers that need the C library).Lots of decisions to make(such as C library version and configuration for your platform)Need kernel headers and C library sourcesNeed to be familiar with current gcc issues and patches on your platformUseful to be familiar with building and configuring toolshttp://www.aleph1.co.uk/armlinux/docs/toolchain/toolchHOWTO.pdfcan show you how fun it can be!21 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchain building utilitiesBuildroot: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/Dedicated Makefile to build uClibc based toolchainsand even entire root filesystems.Downloads sources and applies patches.Crosstool:  http://www.kegel.com/crosstool/Dedicated script to build glibc based toolchainsDoesn’t support uClibc yet.Downloads sources and applies patches.26 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008Toolchains ­ useful resourceseLinux.org toolchain page:http://elinux.org/Tool_Chains29 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008 Free Software tools for embedded systemsGNU / Linux workstationEmulators8 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008glibchttp://www.gnu.org/software/libc/License: LGPLC library from the GNU projectDesigned for performance, standards compliance and portabilityFound on all GNU / Linux host systemsQuite big for small embedded systems: about 1.7 MB on Familiar Linux iPAQs (libc: 1.2 MB, libm: 500 KB)36 Free Software tools for embedded systems© Copyright 2004­2008, Free ElectronsCreative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike 2.5 licensehttp:/ /free electrons.comJan 24, 2008chrootAvailable in all GNU/Linux distributionsUsage:chroot <dir> [command]Runs a command or an interactive shellwith a special root directory.Standard usage: Internet serversServices executed in chroot jails: even when compromised,the service cannot gain access to the rest of the system.Usage for embedded system development:Develop and test a new root filesystem on the development host.Very easy to use when the host and target have the same CPU instruction set.Used by LFS (Linux From Scratch).Also used by Scratchbox: Qemu makes the usage of target binaries transparent./binlibetchttp/libetcbinchrootjail...
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