... for
training a PSMT system or input to the decoder.
The processing steps are shown in figure 1.
For the development of the reordering rules, we
used a small sample of the training data. In par-
ticular, ... Computational Linguistics
Determining the placement of German verbsinEnglish to–German
SMT
Anita Gojun Alexander Fraser
Institute for Natural Language Processing
University of Stuttgart, Germany
{gojunaa, ... such
as English and German. When translating from
English to German, verbsin the German output
are often incorrectly left near their position in En-
glish, creating problems of fluency. Verbs are...
... converted into an XML
format conforming to the standards of the Text
Encoding Initiative (TEI).
1 Introduction
Learner corpora have been playing an increasingly
important role in both Second Language ... Second Language Writing
John Lee and Jonathan Webster
The Halliday Centre for Intelligent Applications ofLanguage Studies
Department of Chinese, Translation and Linguistics
City University of Hong ... Regarding form,
some argue that direct feedback (providing correc-
tions) are more effective in improving the quality of
writing than indirect feedback (pointing out an er-
ror but not providing...
... the
effectiveness of various types of L2 instruction are being redefined and stipulated according
to various moderator variables. These include the internal status of a learner’s inter -language,
age, language ... years of schooling in English) , but still couldn’t read well.
In summarizing the findings, the authors note that all four oral language proficiency features
yielded differences among low, intermediate, ... an International
Reading Association resolution (1998) suggest that if native language reading instruction
does not precede or coincide with English reading instruction, then English reading
instruction...
... directly in the L2. To compare the 2
kinds of writing with regard to accuracy, the authors counted 3
kinds of errors “likely to interfere with the communication of a
writer’s intended meaning” (p. ... hence nonsignificant findings; lack of reliability does
not, however, invalidate significant findings.
3
Holistic Scales
The first set of studies used a holistic scale to assess linguis-
tic or grammatical ... Discussion
Holistic Scale
An initial scoring ofall 38 essays resulted in the intra-and
interrater reliabilities in Table 2.
7
The low reliabilities are fairly
respectable considering the homogeneous...
... One of + plural noun
19. allof us = almost us
20. keep + V-ing = continue to inf
21. used to + V inf (habit in the past)
=> am/is/are +used to +V-ing (habit in the present)
22. Make sb +to inf
She ... STRUCTURES OF THE SENTENCES IN ENGLISH
1.Would you like + Vinf … ?
2. Would you mind + V-ing….?
Would you mind if + clause (not true)
3. You had better + V- inf
- would rather + Vinf ….(than)
- ... delighted at/ be interested in/
take part in/
Take care of = look after
be bored with/ be fed up with/ be tired of/ tell sb about st/
get rid of/ give up/ depend on/ be different from/
explain st to...
... parts of a sentence simply by using stress on important
words. In writing, of course, we cannot do this. Instead, we can emphasise particular words
or phrases by putting everything into a kind of ... definition, that is a definition that explains precisely the essential, intrinsic
characteristics of an object.
the nominal definition, that is one that helps to determine the meaning of ... include:
in a certain way
from a certain point of view
with regard to …
as regards …
in being
in that it is
inasmuch as it is
more + adjective
less + adjective
A is superior to
inferior...