...
09:26:26:%STANDBY-6-STATECHANGE: Standby: 0: FastEthernet0/1 state Active-> Init
Reconnect West router:
09:26:57: %STANDBY-6-STATECHANGE: Standby: 0: FastEthernet0/0 state Listen-> ... you can watch the state changes as it
is disconnected and reconnected to the network.
Disconnect West router:
09:26:26:%STANDBY-6-STATECHANGE: Standby: 0: FastEthernet0/0 state Active-> ... they are both connected to the same network. A
routing protocol is not needed. Each router has knowledge of all networks in the network.
IP Routing will need to be enabled on all routers.
...
... vector protocol, linkstateprotocol không phi giải
quyết vấn đề chống loop và thời gian hội tụ rất lớn bởi vì không giống như
routing- by-rumor approach của distance vector các router linkstate ...
Gateway Routingprotocol (EIGRP) là một sự nâng cấp của IGRP. Bên cạnh
những tính chất vốn có IGRP là một distance-vector protocol, EIGRP còn mang
một số tính chất của linkstate protocol.
Tất ... Routing Protocol( EIGRP)
Tác giả: Trần Văn Thành
Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol( EIGRP)
Lần đầu tiên được đưa vào sử dụng trong phiên bn ISO 9.21, Enhanced Interior
Gateway Routing...
... an easy protocol to use. All that is required is to enable RIP and configure a network
statement for the router interfaces that will be running RIP. RIP version 1 is a classful routing
protocol, ... router an Intermediate System. Thus, the protocol
defines communication from an Intermediate System to another Intermediate System. IS-IS is
a link- stateprotocol and, like OSPF, divides the network ... OSPF, mostly because there are fewer changes you can make to the protocol s
operation.
Network Topology
IS-IS is a link- stateprotocol and thus divides the network into a two-level hierarchy...
... Gateway RoutingProtocol (EIGRP)
● AS number of the destination
● Configurable administrator tag
● ID of the external protocol
● Metric from the external protocol
● Bit flags for default routing
Route ... to make routing decisions, the results of which are stored in the IP routing table. IP-Enhanced
IGRP is responsible for redistributing routes learned by other IP routing protocols.
Routing Concepts
Enhanced ... learned from the Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP). The
IP implementation redistributes routes learned from OSPF, Routing Information Protocol (RIP), IS-IS,
Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP),...
...
Gateway RoutingProtocol
(EIGRP)
As internetworks grew in scale and diversity in the early 1990s, new routing protocols were
needed. Cisco developed
Enhanced Interior Gateway RoutingProtocol ... of link- state protocols.
Specifically, EIGRP is “enhanced” by using four routing technologies:
•
Neighbor discovery/recovery
•
Reliable Transport Protocol (RTP)
•
DUAL finite -state ... Gateway RoutingProtocol (EIGRP)
Technical Overview of EIGRP
EIGRP offers many advantages over other routing protocols, including the following:
•
Support for VLSM
—EIGRP is a classless routing...
... this
interface
interface
32
OSPF Network Types
50
show ip protocols
show ip protocols
Router#
•
Verifies the configured IP routingprotocol
processes, parameters and statistics
Verifying OSPF ... 30.0.0.1
30.0.0.2
40.0.0.1
10.0.0.2
40.0.0.2
A
B
1
Distance Vector
Link State
Hybrid
Distance Vector vs. Link State
Route table
Topology
Incremental Update
Periodic UpdateRouting by rumor
A
B C D
X
E
23
OSPF Design
Each ... convergence
Based on detailed knowledge of every link in the area
and the OSPF "cost" of each
builds an
OSPF tree
OSPF tree
with itself at the route
8
Link State
There are two types of Packets
Hello
LSA’s
44
OSPF...
... demand.
Hybrid protocols combine properties of both proactive
and reactive protocols. Among those protocols, it is
known that gradient-based routing protocols which
belong to the proactive protocols ... directly
determined by the routing protocol. Particularly, in large-
scale WSNs, communication protocols should scale with
the number of sensor nodes [4]. Routing protocols pro-
posed in the ... gradient-based routing protocols
In gradient-based routing protocols, no routes are set up
prior to sending data. Nodes are assigned only gradients,
which are equal to the minimum cumulative link (or
node)...
... Considerations for Routing. Ideally, a link quality esti-
mator for a routingprotocol should be accurate, agile, and
stable, and should add minimum overhead to the routing
protocol. Below, we ... trafficconfiguration
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Link delivery ratio (%)
Average LQI -link 1
Average LQI -link 2
LDR -link 1
LDR -link 2
Figure 21: Influence of background trafficonLQIandLDRfortwo
different links in scenario A. ... trafficconfiguration
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Link delivery ratio (%)
Average LQI -link 1
Average LQI -link 2
LDR -link 1
LDR -link 2
Figure 22: Influence of background trafficonLQIandLDRfortwo
different links in scenario B....
... efficiency
of the routing protocols. The traditional flooding routing
protocols have the advantages that they normally have high
success rate in finding the path to destination, however,
flooding protocols ... to
update their routing tables with the new path corresponding
to the link failure. Since RAURs inform the upstream nodes
to update the routing table related to the failure link to
providecorrectroutepathinthefuture,weconsiderithaving
the ... LEACH, all the other protocols support multihop
routing. Depending on how many copies of one data
packet are forwarded to the destination simultaneously,
these multihop routing protocols can be divided...
... Energy-Aware RoutingProtocol 637
1.3. Link availability
Link availability addresses the problem of prediction of the
status of a link between two nodes after time t based ... energy-aware rout-
ing protocol (EARP) is presented and its energy efficiency
is compared with that of the ad hoc on-demand distance-
vector (AODV) routing protocol.
2. ENERGY-AWARE ROUTING PROTOCOL
In energy-efficient ... the energy consumption in vari-
ous phases of routing.
2.1.1. Probability of link validity (P
link- valid
)
This is defined as the probability of any link which is valid at
t = 0, will remain valid...
... base protocol.
So IS-IS can be used for routing IP packets just as well as the other major link- state
protocol, the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol. But why bother having another
link- state ... the
configuration file are propagated to the routing processes that “speak” router-to-router
protocols like OSPF or IS-IS or Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). If the same routing
protocol is provisioned on both ... based on an entirely new routing tech-
nology called link- state routing. All previous packet-based network technology at that
time was based on variations of distance-vector routing (sometimes also...
... Distance Vecter Routing Protocol. Mặc dù vậy nó
vượt trội hơn các giao thức cùng loại khác về khả năng định tuyến và có vài
nét giống với các giao thức định tuyến LinkStateRouting Protocol.
• Metric ... định tuyến IGPs. Cụ thể là các
giao thức định tuyến động distance vecter protocols và linkstate protocols.
Distance vecter protocols:
Sử dụng thuật toán vecter khoảng cách, tính toán khoảng cách ... 2.
• EIGRP (Enhanced Interior Getway Routing Protocol) : sử dụng thuật
toán DUAL (Diffusing Update Algrorithm) để tính toán đường đi ngắn
nhất.
Link state protocols:
• Sử dụng thuật toán Dijksta’s...
... base protocol.
So IS-IS can be used for routing IP packets just as well as the other major link- state
protocol, the Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) protocol. But why bother having another
link- state ... routing, and new protocol features all contribute to making routing
protocols complex to design, write and deploy effectively in networks. For example, IS-IS
started as a link- stateroutingprotocol ... Novell then decided to
augment their network architecture with link- state routing. At that time, DEC was widely
known for their link- staterouting experience, and so Novell recruited Neil Castagnoli,...
... duties of the routing protocols to report that a
certain sub-net is unreachable. The routing protocols propagate this change and all routers
along the path recompute their IP routing tables. ... the packet processing stress placed on the routing protocols.
However, a modern control plane has to do more than just run a single instance of a routing
protocol. It usually also has to run a variety ... (CLI)
•
Several instances of multiple routing protocols including OSPF, IS-IS and BGP
•
Several instances of MPLS-related signalling protocols like RSVP and LDP
Routing and Forwarding Tables 21
Lookup
SRAM
memory
Forwarding...