... rate of biofouling andthe species composition ofthe marine fauna inand around the potential site (Chua, 1982) A checklist of 11 IntroductionandHistoryof Cage Culture Table 1.2 Advantages and ... system andthehistoryofthe Norwegian salmon farming industry In: Liao, I.C and Lin, C.K (eds) Cage Aquaculture in Asia: Proceedings ofthe First International Symposium on Cage Aquaculture in ... thereby washing away faeces and uneaten food Biofouling Biofouling is an important and common problem in cage culture The rate of biofouling in tropical waters is faster than in subtropical and temperate...
... rate of biofouling andthe species composition ofthe marine fauna inand around the potential site (Chua, 1982) A checklist of 11 IntroductionandHistoryof Cage Culture Table 1.2 Advantages and ... system andthehistoryofthe Norwegian salmon farming industry In: Liao, I.C and Lin, C.K (eds) Cage Aquaculture in Asia: Proceedings ofthe First International Symposium on Cage Aquaculture in ... thereby washing away faeces and uneaten food Biofouling Biofouling is an important and common problem in cage culture The rate of biofouling in tropical waters is faster than in subtropical and temperate...
... comparison ofthe accuracy of two estimators One can solve analytically for the asymptotic variance of b , obtaining the following theorem [193]: b b Theorem 14.1 The trace ofthe asymptotic variance of ... performances ofthe algorithms change with increasing number of components In Fig 14.3, the error (square root ofthe error index E2 ) is plotted as the function ofthe number of supergaussian ICs The ... is an irrelevant invertible matrix that does not depend on On the other hand, using our definition of , and denoting by = T =k k the cosine ofthe angle between and , one obtains easily z w k...
... used strings of gut and wire to span five octaves He hoped to revolutionize the dulcimer and its capacities Sadly, the instrument was not highly accepted, for the reverberation created inthe larger ... sound chamber made the performance of rapid passages impossible, andthe longer strings were harder to keep in tune Again the dulcimer lay dormant Although the dulcimer escaped the Western orchestral ... accepted amongst the folk musicians of places like Ireland It has really only gained popularity inthe past fifteen years, although it has been a member of some Irish ensembles throughout history ...
... giving a brief survey ofthe status ofhistoryand historians of philosophy in analytic philosophy since the 1970s, she distinguishes between convincing and unconvincing grounds for valuing history ... terms of some other branch ofhistory for instance, thehistoryof religion We might think that what he thought can be understood only in terms of something inthehistoryof his life, or ofthe ... discussing and refuting the views of other philosophers and mathematicians While he is discussing the opinions of others, he ensures that some of his own insights are artfully insinuated, and this...
... Introduction to Modeling and Control of Internal Combustion Engine Systems Lino Guzzella and Christopher H Onder Introduction to Modeling and Control of Internal Combustion Engine Systems ... account the rotational inertia ofthe engine, whose inputs are the engine torque Te andthe load torque Tl The four most important control loops are indicated in Fig 1.5 as well: • • • • thethethe ... destroy the rim ofthe piston and other parts inthe cylinder In order to prevent knocking, the compression ratio must be kept below a safe value and ignition timing must be optimized off-line and...
... by the air and fuel inthe cylinder as determined by the first two parts; the engine inertial system that determines the engine speed; the engine thermal system that determines the dynamic thermal ... entering the intake manifold through the throttle; air mass flow entering the cylinder; pressure inthe intake manifold; fuel mass flow injected by the injectors; fuel mass flow entering the cylinder; ... ϑm (2.23) where the temperature ϑm andthe gas constant Rm ofthe mixture are found using the corresponding variables ofthe fuel (subscript ϕ) andofthe fresh air at the engine inlet valve (subscript...
... equilibrium point tends to return to that point, then we call that point a point of stability or stable point, andthe equilibrium is said to be stable Otherwise, we say that the point is one of instability ... Thus, for the appropriate choices ofthe α’s and β’s, the central force potential in Equation (1.30) is stable for motion inthe normal direction, i.e., the line connecting the centers ofthe particles ... work done by the external and internal forces It is advantageous to decompose the kinetic energy into the translation ofthe center of mass andthe motion relative to the center of mass This...
... Thus, inthe preceding numerical examples, when we kept the ratio α1 constant, but in 2 creased α1 (while keeping m constant), we were effectively increasing the “stiffness” inthe system and, therefore, ... = 0.125, and (4) α = 0.5 and α = 0.25 (Zohdi [212]) tive kinetic energy inthe system, is dramatically different with increasing severity ofthe near-field forces.22 Notice that the kinetic energy ... certain frequencies In order to qualitatively tie this directly to the form of problem considered in this work, consider a linearization of a single nonlinear differential equation, describing the...
... introduced into the remaining population of best-performing genetic strings, andthe process (a)–(e) is then repeated The term “fitness” of a genetic string is used to indicate the value ofthe objective ... example, in many processes, intentional charging and heating of particulates, such as those in inkjet printers, is critical Thus, in addition to the calculation ofthe dynamics ofthe particles inthe ... charging and thermochemical coupling, are of interest Such systems arise inthe study of clustering and aggregation of particles in natural science applications where particles collide, cluster, and...
... in a system, dictated by the first law of thermodynamics Accordingly, we require the time rate of change ofthe sum ofthe kinetic energy (K) andthe stored energy (S) to be equal to the sum of ... primarily random molecular motion (diffusion) andthe other due to bulk motion of a fluid, in our case a gas, surrounding the particles As we have indicated, inthe applications of interest, the gas ... a thermal softening temperature In order to determine the thermal state ofthe particles, we shall decompose the heat generation and heat transfer processes into two stages Stage I describes the...
... presence of a fluid medium surrounding the particles We now focus on the modeling and simulation ofthe dynamics of particles, coupled with a surrounding fluid, while bringing in several ofthe effects ... example, Ein , Ej n , and Dij , are obtained by using the most current known values ofthe i ’s during the iterative solution process In other words, the interaction forces are updated during the iterations, ... the temperature ofthe ambient fluid, hc is the convection coefficient (using Newton’s law of cooling), and θs is the temperature ofthe far-field surface (for example, a container surrounding the...
... the generation of heat due to the drag forces, the thermal softening ofthe particles, andthe thermal dependency ofthe fluid viscosity Because the coupling ofthe various particle and fluid fields ... beyond the scope of this introductory treatment, have geometrical optics, or ray-tracing, as their starting point Therefore, a clear understanding of ray-tracing is crucial inthe study of more ... Clearly, the rate of flow of energy is proportional to the square ofthe amplitude ofthe electric field and, in isotropic media, which we consider for the duration ofthe work, the flow of energy...
... governing the interconversions of mechanical, thermal, and chemical energy in a system, dictated by the first law of thermodynamics Accordingly, we require the time rate of change ofthe sum ofthe ... primarily because ofthe refraction of different wavelengths of light, leading to a dramatic growth inthe number of rays of varying intensities and color (wavelength) The inclusion of these effects ... depends in a quasilinear fashion upon the ratio ofthe refractive indices ofthe particle and surrounding medium The similarity of electromagnetic scattering to acoustical scattering, governing sound...
... RBCs die and are scavenged each second), andthe iron in their hemoglobin (which gives them their characteristic dark color) is reclaimed for reuse The remainder ofthe heme portion ofthe molecule ... exited the −2 domain, which corresponded to a time scale on the order of 10 c m , where c is the speed of light The initial velocity vector for all ofthe initially collinear rays making up the ... (c, 0, 0) 75 Because ofthe normalized structure ofthe metric, it is insensitive to the magnitude of I for the scattering o √ calculations The initial magnitude ofthe Poynting vector is ||I (0)||...
... Reflection and ray-tracing Now we turn to the problem of determining the p-wave scattering by large numbers of randomly distributed particles Ray-tracing We consider cases where the particles are inthe ... traveling (incident), ci is the corresponding sound speed in that medium, and Ai is the corresponding acoustical impedance The relationship (the law of refraction) between the incident and transmitted ... corresponding strain energy of W = B.3.1 p2 κ Basic relations By inserting the simplified expression ofthe stress σ = −p1 into the equation of equilibrium, we obtain ¨ ∇ · σ = −∇p = ρ u (B.6) By taking...
... Computational design of swarms The International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol 57, 2205–2219 [210] Zohdi, T I 2004 Modeling and simulation of a class of coupled thermo-chemomechanical ... 2005 Charge-induced clustering in multifield granular flow The International Journal of Numerical Methods in Engineering, Vol 62, 870–898 [218] Zohdi, T I 2006 Computation ofthe coupled thermo-optical ... Transactions ofthe Royal Society: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol 361, 1021–1043 [212] Zohdi, T I 2004 Modeling and direct simulation of near-field granular flows The International...