... x:
Add es to form the plural.
NOUNS ENDING IN
s: class + es = classes
dress + es = dresses
NOUNS ENDING IN
sh: dish + es = dishes
wish + es = wishes
NOUNS ENDING IN
ch: bench + es = benches
lunch ... or
ownership. A possessive noun always contains an
apostrophe [’].
Here are some examples of possessive nouns:
1. student s money The possessive noun student s shows that the money belongs
to the student.
2. ... flowers
5. circuses
grandchild
feet
wishes
hands
NOUNS 29
We are building up our library at: www.waystoenglish.com
9. echo
10. piano
Possessive Nouns
A possessive noun is a noun that shows possession...
... is an adverb or an adjective, and
tell what it modifies.
Samples:
The clock is fast. Fast is an
modifying the .
She runs fast. Fast is an
modifying the .
1. These shoes are tight. Tight is ... and fast—can be adverbs or
adjectives. Again, we must see how such words are used in their sentences before
saying that they are adverbs or adjectives.
Question 1:
Is long an adverb in this sentence?
1. ... as a ship s surgeon. He was ship-
wrecked once in an extremely violent South Sea storm in 1699, and very
nearly lost his life, but managed somehow to swim ashore. The land he
had come to was...
... the other sen-
tences support this statement.
S2 and S3 show how hard it is to get to the stores on Saturday afternoon.
S4 , S5 , and S6 describe the difficult conditions in stores on Saturday after-
noon.
S7 ... as the first one because it presents
its reasons in the following order:
old buses (S2 )
crowding and lateness (S3 )
recent increases in ridership and overcrowding (S4 )
overtaxing of the buses ... paragraph) support this statement with reasons:
old buses (S2 )
crowding and lateness (S3 )
lack of service after 8
P
.
M
. (S4 )
recent increases in ridership and overcrowding (S5 )
244 BASIC PARAGRAPH...
... with a possessive pronoun.
A contraction always has an apostrophe:
you’ll (you will); it s (it is), etc.
A possessive pronoun never has an apostrophe:
yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
they’ll
He ... will
PRONOUNS AND ANTECEDENTS 59
9. I wrote a letter to Yasmin.
10. The cashier handed the change to the customer.
NOUNS AS INDIRECT OBJECTS 51
CONTRACTIONS POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
(Use an apostrophe ... to the flooded regions.
50 PARTS OF SPEECH
Lesson
7
Nouns as
Direct Objects
NOUNS AS DIRECT OBJECTS 45
How is the noun Amy used in these two sentences?
1. Amy is our top scorer.
2. The crowd...
... that shows possession or
ownership. A possessive noun always contains an
apostrophe [’].
Here are some examples of possessive nouns:
1. student s money The possessive noun student s shows that ... something else. This brings us to Rule 2.
Rule 2. For nouns ending in s, sh, ch, or x:
Add es to form the plural.
NOUNS ENDING IN
s: class + es = classes
dress + es = dresses
NOUNS ENDING IN
sh: dish ... belongs
to the student.
2. students’money The possessive noun students’shows that the money belongs
to the students.
3. children s money The possessive noun children s shows that the money belongs
to...
... dishwasher. (simple
S. V. S. V.
sentences)
A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sen-
tences joined by and, but, or or.
Paul scraped the dishes, and I loaded them into the dishwasher. ... phrases. Suppose you lost a wrist-
watch—almost every one of us has done something like that and you looked for it
in your pockets,
on the dresser,
under the sofa,
between the cushions,
and, ... combine simple sentences expressing a choice between two
or more possibilities.
I will bring my basketball. We can use yours. (simple sentences)
S. V. S. V.
I will bring my basketball, or we can use...
... Interior
Titles of persons showing office, rank, profession
President Roosevelt, General Marshall, Dr. Reed, Professor Hutchinson
Names of planets, satellites, stars, and constellations
Jupiter, ... biggest
PROBLEMS WITH SPELLING 227
says straight though until
scene studying thought weird
secretary success threw which
separate supersede together woman
since surely toward writing
speech surprise
EXERCISE ... the spellings of hard words but assume that you know how
to spell the easy ones.
Frequently Misspelled Words
The commonly used words in the following list are among the most frequently mis-
spelled....
... misses the bus, she walks to school.
present present
SAME TENSE
: Because she missed the bus, she walked to school.
past past
EXERCISE 1.
The following sentences show inconsistent use of tense, ... ridden
rise rose (have) risen
say said (have) said
see saw (have) seen
shake shook (have) shaken
sit sat (have) sat
speak spoke (have) spoken
stick stuck (have) stuck
swim swam (have) swum
take ... computers in my father s study (are, is) old but still in working order.
PROBLEMS WITH VERBS 183
MIXED TENSES
: Because she misses the bus, she walked to school.
present past
SAME TENSE
: Because she...
... are use of commas
in a series; use of commas to set off interrupting words and expressions; and use of
commas in letters, dates, and addresses.
Commas in a Series
Use a comma to separate items in ... discovered in Lesson 9 of Part One, pronouns can cause problems in yet another
area—possessives. You have already worked with noun possessives. With nouns, you used
apostrophes to show possession.
The ... its with it is. If the sentence does
make sense, use an apostrophe. If it doesn’t make sense (as in “Where is it is collar?),
don’t use the apostrophe.
The possessives of indefinite pronouns,...
... it has a beautiful sound, too.
164 COMMON USAGE ERRORS
We have focused on sentences in this lesson—types of sentences and how to form
them, as well as those troubling sentence fragments and run-on ... in a fast-food restaurant.
Run-on Sentences
Writing sentence fragments is a serious error. Writing run-on sentences is an equally
serious error.
Question:
What is a run-on sentence?
Answer:
A ... has both a subject and
a verb, it needs something to complete its thought. It is a subordinate clause. The second
clause can stand by itself. It is an independent clause with the understood subject...
... es = echoes
tomato + es = tomatoes veto + es = vetoes
F. To nouns ending in s: class + es = classes
sh: wish + es = wishes
ch: bench + es = benches
or x: box + es = boxes
(See Rule 2, page 28.)
When ... is a wonder.
Joan is wonderful.
1. The play was a success.
2. Pete has never been a friend.
3. My desk is a mess.
4. The news was a surprise.
5. Was the outcome a shock?
6. David s new band is ... forms.
(1) (2) (3) (4)
POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE
SINGULAR PLURAL SINGULAR PLURAL
student students student s students’
On each line below, only one form of a noun is given. Write the other three forms...
... but, and so.
SIMPLE SENTENCES
: Thomas Edison was still in possession of his
sight. He found braille preferable to visual
reading.
COMPLEX SENTENCE
: Though he was still in possession of his sight,
Thomas ... most enjoyed swimming, hiking, and
playing volleyball.
CLEAR, FORCEFUL SENTENCES 145
Appositives
Use appositives to achieve conciseness and vary the sentence structure (see also
Lesson 25, page ... efforts to save wild plants. They may yet provide cures for
presently incurable diseases.
b. Because wild plants may yet provide cures for presently incurable diseases, we
must support efforts to save...
... SPEECH
QUESTION
2: What is the sentence saying about My sister Karen?
ANSWER
: My sister Karen is waiting for us.
The predicate is
Was Andy angry?
QUESTION
1: About whom is the sentence asking something?
ANSWER
: ... falling
VERBS 17
EXERCISE 2.
Write the complete subject in the C .S. space and the simple subject in
the S. S. space.
Sample:
The first reporters on the scene did not get all the facts.
C .S. . S. S.
Hint:
You ... Vinci.
C .S. . S. S.
2. Did a letter from your sister come this morning?
C .S. . S. S.
3. Farther up on the hill is a house with white shutters.
C .S. . S. S.
4. Asleep in the crib was a six-month-old...
... professional in mind. Many everyday
DSP applications are discussed: digital filters, neural networks, data compression,
audio and image processing, etc. As much as possible, these chapters stand ... your comments and suggestions. This will allow future reprints and editions
to serve your needs even better. All it takes is a two minute e-mail message to:
Smith@DSPguide.com. Thanks; I hope you ... Processing 368
Chapter 23. Image Formation and Display 373
Digital Image Structure 373
Cameras and Eyes 376
Television Video Signals 384
Other Image Acquisition and Display 386
Brightness and...