einstein hilbert action and general relativity in vacuo
einstein, special and general relativity
... no pains in his endeavour to present the main ideas in the simplest and most intelligible form, and on the whole, in the sequence and connection in which they actually originated In the interest ... emitted by the stars and also individual stars of the stellar system are perpetually passing out into infinite space, never to return, and without ever again coming into interaction with other objects ... which points at rest remain at rest and points in motion continue permanently in uniform rectilinear motion As reference−body let us imagine a spacious chest resembling a room with an observer inside...
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Tài liệu ACCOUNTING FOR HETEROGENEITY, DIVERSITY AND GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM IN EVALUATING SOCIAL PROGRAMS pptx
... They introduce skill formation and consider both schooling choices and investment in on- the-job training (2) They allow for heterogeneity in ability, endowments and skills Different 46 schooling ... overlapping generations model of Auerbach and Kotlikoff by (a) allowing for human capital and b) introducing heterogeneity in ability within cohorts Ability is a major determinant of human capital investment, ... in this section At a point in time we caimot observe a person simultaneously in the treated and untreated state In general we cannot form the gain of moving from "0" to 1" and L — for anyone The...
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Intro to differential geometry and general relativity s waner
... sin x1 cos x2 sin x3 sin xn-1 sin xn) 42 3 = (0, 0, -r sin x sin x sin x , r sin x sin x cos x cos x , x r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 sin x4 sin xn-1 cos xn, r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 sin x4 sin ... getting y1 = r cos x1 y2 = r sin x1 cos x2 10 y3 = r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 yn-1 = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 cos xn-1 yn = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 sin xn-1 cos xn yn+1 = r sin x1 sin ... followihg generalized polar coordinates y1 = r cos x1 y2 = r sin x1 cos x2 y3 = r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 yn-1 = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 cos xn-1 yn = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 sin xn-1...
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Semi riemannian geometry and general relativity s sternberg
... is the high point of the course from the theoretical point of view We discuss Einstein s general theory of relativity from the point of view of the Einstein- Hilbert functional In fact we borrow ... title of Hilbert s paper for the Chapter heading We also introduce the principle of general covariance, first introduce by Einstein, Infeld, and Hoffmann to derive the “geodesic principle” and give ... the normal vector to point out of the cylinder or into the cylinder Of course, in the inward pointing case, the curvature has the opposite sign, k = −1/r For inward pointing normals, the formula...
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introduction to differential geometry and general relativity
... r sin x1 cos x2 sin x3 sin xn-1 sin xn) 3 = (0, 0, -r sin x sin x sin x , r sin x sin x cos x cos x , x r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 sin x4 sin xn-1 cos xn, r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 sin x4 sin ... getting y1 = r cos x y2 = r sin x1 cos x2 y3 = r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 yn-1 = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 cos xn-1 yn = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 sin xn-1 cos xn yn+1 = r sin x1 sin x2 sin ... followihg generalized polar coordinates y1 = r cos x y2 = r sin x1 cos x2 y3 = r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 yn-1 = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 cos xn-1 yn = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 sin xn-1...
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introduction to differential geometry and general relativity
... sin x1 cos x2 sin x3 sin xn-1 sin xn) 42 3 = (0, 0, -r sin x sin x sin x , r sin x sin x cos x cos x , x r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 sin x4 sin xn-1 cos xn, r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 sin x4 sin ... getting y1 = r cos x1 y2 = r sin x1 cos x2 10 y3 = r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 yn-1 = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 cos xn-1 yn = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 sin xn-1 cos xn yn+1 = r sin x1 sin ... followihg generalized polar coordinates y1 = r cos x1 y2 = r sin x1 cos x2 y3 = r sin x1 sin x2 cos x3 yn-1 = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 cos xn-1 yn = r sin x1 sin x2 sin x3 sin x4 sin xn-1...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 1 ppsx
... leading to insulin resistance Candidate genes involved in the mechanisms of insulin resistance Insulin signalling network Factors leading to insulin resistance Defining the function of the insulin ... analysis and alanine scanning (as reviewed in 9, 15 and 16) Four distinct binding epitopes have been identified, within the L1, CR, L2 and Fn1 insert domains Residues in the L1 and L2 domains of ... calcium/lipid-dependent protein kinase C, and as a homologue of a viral transforming protein v-Akt An important 26 THE INSULIN RECEPTOR AND DOWNSTREAM SIGNALLING breakthrough in understanding insulin signalling was...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 3 pptx
... mixed muscle protein, myosin heavy chain and mitochondrial protein were unchanged in diabetic patients infused with insulin.120 It is interesting that intensive insulin treatment in type diabetic ... Figure 5.1 Insulin signalling pathways PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INSULIN SIGNALLING AND GLOBAL KNOCKOUTS 5.5 137 Factors leading to insulin resistance Insulin resistance may arise from abnormalities in the ... present in the muscle), into sarcoplasmic protein (protein present within the cytosol) and into myosin heavy chain (a key structural and contractile protein) In addition, mitochondria are isolated and...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 4 pdf
... were ineffective In less invasive studies, Borg et al.34 reported an increase in plasma glucose in freely moving rats within 30 minutes of inducing glucopenia in the BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED IN COUNTER-REGULATION ... ICV injection of insulin reduces food intake and body weight in baboons and rodents171, 172 and administration of anti-insulin antibodies into the rat hypothalamus increases food intake.173 In ... the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and more recently omentin and visfatin.79 The role of TNF-α, leptin, Il-6, resistin and adiponectin in linking obesity...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 5 pptx
... correlated to diabetes and insulin resistance in the obese, and administering adiponectin restores insulin sensitivity and assists weight reduction 280 ADIPOKINES AND INSULIN RESISTANCE Treatment ... as inhibiting interactions between other downstream mediators of insulin signalling such as Akt and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.111 The ability of IL-6 to induce insulin resistance may be indirect, ... suggests that resistin expression is inhibited in obesity and insulin resistance, and PPARγ agonists (including the TZDs) increase its expression.206 – 209 ADIPOKINES IMPLICATED IN INSULIN RESISTANCE...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 6 pps
... OGTT–fasting and post-challenge insulin Fasting insulin OGTT–fasting and post-challenge insulin Measure of insulin resistance Table 12.1 (continued ) Age, fasting glucose, BMI, WHR, sum of skin fold, ... Ethnicity: Chinese (Guangdong Province) Participant characteristics Fasting plasma insulin measured on a sub-set of 695 individuals Fasting and h insulin Fasting serum insulin (Fasting insulin resistance ... Ethnicity: Caucasians (New Zealand) h insulin after standard meal (containing 100 g CHO, 30 g fat and 30 g protein) Fasting insulin Stratified by sex Participants taking insulin and hypoglycemic drugs...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 8 pdf
... variation in serum leptin levels and contains several potential candidate genes including the glucokinase regulatory protein and POMC However, it was not significantly linked to hypertension in African-Americans.313 ... Solini, A., Nosadini, R., Goldfine, I D., Vigneri, R and Trischitta, V (1998) Elevated PC-1 content in cultured skin fibroblasts correlates with decreased in vivo and in vitro insulin action in ... also been proposed to link obesity with insulin resistance, with serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor substrate-1 being a prominent mechanism for TNF-α-induced insulin resistance.228 Physiologically,...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 9 pot
... (FIRI),41 fasting glucose insulin ratio,24 and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI)42 and others Determining the fasting glucose insulin ratio could be a good screening test in that ... N., D´ chaud, H and Pugeat, M e (1995) Effect of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80, ... mean serum insulin index (MSI).38, 39 Measures of insulin sensitivity based on fasting glucose and insulin include the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA),40 fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI),41...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 10 ppt
... historical perspective 105 insulin and mixed muscle protein in type diabetes 121 insulin and regional protein metabolism in type diabetes 120–1 insulin and regional protein metabolism in type diabetes ... negative role in insulin signalling and its inhibition improves insulin sensitivity SHIP2 is another negative regulator of insulin signalling Overexpression of SHIP2 protein decreases insulin-dependent ... tyrosine phosphorylation, the IR and IRS proteins undergo serine phosphorylation; this attenuates insulin signalling by inhibiting insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation and promoting association...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 2 pptx
... hypertriglyceridaemia and insufficient insulin action such as in insulin resistance The strongest evidence for a link between insulin action and gene transcription regulating lipid metabolism comes from the investigation ... D and RozakisAdcock, M (2002) The pleckstrin homology (PH) domain-interacting protein couples the insulin receptor substrate PH domain to insulin signaling pathways leading to mitogenesis and ... The IRS-signalling system during insulin and cytokine action Bioessays 19, 491–500 He, W., O’Neill, T J and Gustafson, T A (1995) Distinct modes of interaction of SHC and insulin receptor substrate-1...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 3 ppsx
... mixed muscle protein, myosin heavy chain and mitochondrial protein were unchanged in diabetic patients infused with insulin.120 It is interesting that intensive insulin treatment in type diabetic ... Figure 5.1 Insulin signalling pathways PROTEIN SYNTHESIS INSULIN SIGNALLING AND GLOBAL KNOCKOUTS 5.5 137 Factors leading to insulin resistance Insulin resistance may arise from abnormalities in the ... present in the muscle), into sarcoplasmic protein (protein present within the cytosol) and into myosin heavy chain (a key structural and contractile protein) In addition, mitochondria are isolated and...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 4 ppsx
... were ineffective In less invasive studies, Borg et al.34 reported an increase in plasma glucose in freely moving rats within 30 minutes of inducing glucopenia in the BRAIN REGIONS INVOLVED IN COUNTER-REGULATION ... ICV injection of insulin reduces food intake and body weight in baboons and rodents171, 172 and administration of anti-insulin antibodies into the rat hypothalamus increases food intake.173 In ... the renin–angiotensin system (RAS), plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) and more recently omentin and visfatin.79 The role of TNF-α, leptin, Il-6, resistin and adiponectin in linking obesity...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 5 doc
... correlated to diabetes and insulin resistance in the obese, and administering adiponectin restores insulin sensitivity and assists weight reduction 280 ADIPOKINES AND INSULIN RESISTANCE Treatment ... as inhibiting interactions between other downstream mediators of insulin signalling such as Akt and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase.111 The ability of IL-6 to induce insulin resistance may be indirect, ... suggests that resistin expression is inhibited in obesity and insulin resistance, and PPARγ agonists (including the TZDs) increase its expression.206 – 209 ADIPOKINES IMPLICATED IN INSULIN RESISTANCE...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 7 pptx
... Nationality: American Fasting and h insulin during OGTT Fasting, h insulin and AUC during OGTT at baseline, months and 16 months Measure of insulin resistance Table 12.3 (continued ) Not intention to treat ... resistance in children and adolescents Fasting insulin and sum of insulins decreased significantly in both DB and DBE, when compared with controls (p < 0.01) Significant decline in fasting insulin (3.4 ... early step in insulin signalling.35 PC-1 is elevated in obese insulin-resistant individuals and in the insulin resistance and diabetes of pregnancy.36 The relative degree of insulin sensitivity...
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Insulin Action and Its Disturbances in Disease - part 9 docx
... (FIRI),41 fasting glucose insulin ratio,24 and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI)42 and others Determining the fasting glucose insulin ratio could be a good screening test in that ... N., D´ chaud, H and Pugeat, M e (1995) Effect of diet and metformin administration on sex hormone-binding globulin, androgens, and insulin in hirsute and obese women J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80, ... mean serum insulin index (MSI).38, 39 Measures of insulin sensitivity based on fasting glucose and insulin include the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA),40 fasting insulin resistance index (FIRI),41...
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