... mass at the angle ofthe jaw. The masses gradually
increase in size and number and form sinuses that open onto the
face and neck. Although infection is often seen inthe jaw area,
Actinomyces infections ... Infection
Human papillomavirus has been implicated ina variety of
papillomatous and malignant squamous proliferations, includ-
ing those seen inthe head and neck area such as sinonasal
papillomas, laryngeal ... granulomatous inflammatory reaction.
“Sulfur granules” are for the most part pathognomonic for
infection and can be found inthe lesions andinthe sinus
drainage ❚Image 7A and ❚Image 7B❚. The granules are
approximately...
... hepatic parenchy-
ma; in ltration and injury of bile ducts by lymphocytes; and
endothelialitis. Thein ammatory in ltrate expands the por-
tal areas and may focally spill over into the adjacent ... nodes along the cystic duct,
anterior and lateral aspect ofthe portal vein, the posterior
aspect ofthe pancreas, between the aorta andthe inferior
vena cava, andthe left aspect ofthe aorta ... Superior and medial, drains the medial aspect ofthe gall-
bladder (around 10% of cases).
3 Inferior and external, drains the body ofthe gallbladder
(present in 82% of cases).
4 Inferior and medial,...
... stains areof limited use in dis-
tinguishing cholangiocarcinoma from other primaries, and
mucin stains are helpful only in distinguishing cholangio-
carcinoma from hepatocellular carcinoma. The ...
loss, anorexia, and vague abdominal pain. In contrast to hilar
cholangiocarcinoma, patients with intrahepatic cholangio-
carcinoma rarely present with jaundice.
Prognostic factors and staging Intrahepatic ... cystadenocarcinoma. (A) The
solid fleshy areas in this cystic tumor represent areas
of carcinoma arising ina biliary cystadenoma.
(B) Microscopically, biliary cystadenocarcinomas
often have a...
... by injecting a long-acting anesthetic at the
level of access and at one level above and below the access site.
Local in ltration ofthe skin with anesthetic is also per-
formed. Injecting a ... contrast enhanced multidetector CT inthe
detection and characterization of cholangiocarcinoma?
a. unenhanced phase and arterial phase
b. arterial phase and portal venous phase
c. unenhanced phase ... stricture as
the cause of obstructive jaundice.
122 Section 2: Diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the biliary tree and gallbladder
fashion by injecting contrast into the biloma drainage cathe-
ter....
... external drainage catheter is
placed above an obstruction, draining bile externally into a
bag. An internal–external drainage catheter lies within the
biliary tree and intestine and traverses the ... biliary tree and gallbladder
by irradiation. They further characterized the injury as “vac-
uolation, swelling, and necrosis ofthe epithelial cells ofthe
ducts, andbya slow and atypical regeneration” ... patients treated with combined EBRT and in-
traluminal high-dose rate Ir-192 brachytherapy. Actuarial
survival was 34% at 1 year, 18% at 2 and 3 years, and 8% at 5
years [61]. Shin et al. analyzed...
... oncology approaches to the palliative care of patients
with gallbladder cancer and cholangiocarcinoma are gener-
ally the same, and clinical trials in this area have usually not
differentiated ...
cases the cystic duct joins the aberrant duct, which then con-
tinues to join the main ductal system. The appearance ofthe
Diseases ofthe Gallbladder and Bile Ducts: Diagnosis and Treatment, ... cardiac and pulmonary diseases,
and therefore are at an increased risk for general anesthesia,
laparoscopic procedures are sometimes not feasible because
intra-abdominal pressure might further...
... 15.1).
Gallbladder carcinoma
Clinical presentation and diagnosis
Gallbladder carcinoma is the sixth most common carcinoma
of the gastrointestinal tract and was the most common can-
cer among the ... K-ras mutations are rare in gallbladder carcinomas.
They concluded that gallbladder adenomas lack the molecu-
lar changes frequently seen in gallbladder cancers, arguing
against a proposed adenoma–carcinoma ... other abdominal structures and may
not reveal the cause ofa patient’s abdominal pain. The HIDA
scan is advocated inthe United States due to its high diagnos-
tic accuracy. On the other hand,...